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This Essay sketches an originalist methodology using ideas from legal theory and theoretical linguistics, including the distinctions between interpretation and construction and between semantics and pragmatics. The Essay aims to dispel a number of misconceptions about the methods used by originalists. Among these is the notion that originalists rely on dictionary definitions to determine the communicative content of the constitutional text. Although dictionaries may play some role, the better approach emphasizes primary evidence such as that provided by corpus linguistics. Another misconception is that originalists do not consider context; to the contrary, the investigation of context plays a central role in originalist methodology. Part I of this Essay articulates a theoretical framework that draws on ideas from contemporary legal theory and linguistics. Part II investigates methods for determining the constitutional text's semantic content. Part III turns to methods for investigating the role of context in disambiguating and enriching what would otherwise be sparse semantic meaning. Part TV describes an originalist approach to constitutional construction. The Essay concludes with a short reflection on the future of originalist methodology.

The emerging scientific literature examines masculinity and gender roles as risk factors for suicide ideation or suicide in young adults and adolescents. In this vein, recent studies show that certain traditional masculine norms are related to poorer mental health-related outcomes, which influences suicide and suicide ideation. This study contributes with new understandings about the associations between masculinity and suicidal ideation among males through Reddit debates in English. The posts with more interactions referring to masculinity in the topics gender and education have been selected on Reddit, emphasizing transformative personal experiences potentially helping avoid suicide ideation. Through the analysis of Reddit posts, it is shown how users can generate spaces to express the diverse ways to live with masculinity. The discussions on Reddit in the different areas selected demonstrate the existence of proposals on how to overcome fears and facilitate relaxation of norms regarding self-reliance to encourage help-seeking when feeling depressed and therefore at greater risk of suicide ideation. The results highlight the potential importance of platforms such as Reddit to create solidarity networks, showing multiple ways of being a man and demystifying dominant masculinity by sharing different experiences.

What role, if any, should intellectual history play in constitutional theory? This is a complex question, because there are many ways in which the history of ideas and the theory of constitutional law could interact. Two of the most important possibilities are captured by the distinction between \"intellectual history of constitutional theory\" and \"intellectual history as constitutional theory.\"

A commentary on Solum's \"intellectual history as constitutional theory\". In his article for this symposium issue of the Virginia Law Review and in other places, Professor Lawrence Solum has set forth an elaborate taxonomy for judges and commentators who want to privilege originalist methods of interpretation and construction in constitutional cases. Solum's taxonomy addresses several important issues in the philosophy of language that I will not take up in this Commentary. My concern is with the question with which Solum begins his article: What role, if any, should intellectual history play in constitutional theory? My approach to that question bypasses many of the issues to which Solum directs his attention and focuses instead on ones that I believe go to the heart of the question.

A case study approach was used to examine the potential knowledge-transforming role of writing with 27, Year 12 chemistry students'. The study was prompted by changes to external chemistry examinations that required students to write connected discourse, and supported by the chemistry teacher's belief in the instructional value of writing-to-learn. The teacher modeled exemplars of laboratory reports, scaffold students in the use of a Laboratory Report Marking Rubric, and provided feedback about their reports. Data were obtained from examinations, an analysis of students' laboratory books, interviews, an End of Intervention survey, observations and the teacher's in a reflective diary. Results indicated that the writing intervention impacted positively on students' understanding of chemistry, ability to write laboratory reports, confidence, and examination scores.

In this chapter, we elaborate a model of epistemic cognition and explain how this model can be applied to help account for how people evaluate information, including inaccurate information.Epistemic cognitionrefers to the complex of cognitions that are related to the achievement of epistemic ends; notable epistemic ends include knowledge, understanding, useful models, explanations, and the like. We call our model the AIR model, with the three letters of the acronym referring to the three components of epistemic cognition: Aims and value, epistemicIdeals, andReliable processes for achieving epistemic ends. We will explain each of these components of

In his tiny treatiseOn Bullshit, the moral philosopher Harry Frankfurt (2005) gives us a useful theory of bullshit. We normally think of bullshit as a synonym—albeit a somewhat vulgar one—for lies or deceit. But Frankfurt argues that bullshit has nothing to do with truth. Rather, bullshit is used to conceal, to impress, or to coerce. Unlike liars, bullshitters have no use for the truth. All that matters to them is hiding their ignorance or bringing about their own benefit. In a short position statement presented at a small, invitation-only conference on gamification at the University of Pennsylvania’s

Farewell to you. There are new Bachelors and Masters among us. From orientation camps, student societies, college life to writing theses and preparing for exams, all of you have gone through the full range of university experience. Places like Lake Ad Excellentiam and the Pavilion of Harmony should have filled your cherished memory of university life. You have all put in good efforts over the past few years and truly earned the happiness to be shared with friends and family today. Today is your graduation day and my graduation day as well, as this is the last time I am

On 23 April 1625, upon the death of his older half-brother Maurice, Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (1584-1647), became Captain General of the States Army of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (henceforth: Dutch Republic). Later that year, the new Prince was inaugurated stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland (1 June), Overijssel (6 July), Utrecht (9 July) and Gelderland (November) (Poelhekke, 1978, pp. 78-80, 97-100). Until then, he had kept a low profile in matters of domestic politics, which were severely complicated by religious disputes (Israel, 1990, p. 77). However, as Frederick Henry's military and political power increased, he was all the more pressed to take sides.