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Urban sustainability and energy management of cities for improved health and well-being
\"This book explores opportunities and challenges urban communities face, as they seek to become sustainable systems embedded in their diverse and complex social and environmental contexts\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Incentives for conservation and quality-improvement by public utilities
We examine the design of incentive programs to motivate regulated utilities to supply both basic service (e.g., electricity supply, local telephone service) and service enhancements (e.g., energy-conservation services, improved clarity and speed of voice communication). The optimal regulatory programs are shown to vary greatly, depending upon the information available to the regulator. The price of the basic service may optimally be distorted above or below marginal cost to better motivate the supply of the service enhancement. Our policy prescriptions are compared with current programs and proposals to promote energy conservation.
Journal Article
Ecology, Economy, Equity
In the first book to seriously examine the future of libraries in a climate reality-based context, Henk convincingly argues that building a carbon-neutral future for libraries is not only essential but eminently practical.
eBook
Activated Carbon and Synthetic Resins as Support Material for Methanogenic Phenol-Degrading Consortia: Comparison of Phenol-Degrading Activities
Serum bottle experiments were conducted to investigate the roles that activated carbon and two ion-exchange resins performed as support material in methanogenic phenol-degrading cultures. The consortium associated with activated carbon was able to degrade phenol that had been adsorbed to the carbon, demonstrating bioregeneration. Supernatant samples withdrawn from these cultures over a 90-day period contained an active phenol-degrading population, indicating that the colonized-activated carbon continuously shed significant amounts of active biomass. The cation-exchange resin did not serve as a suitable support material for microbial colonization. The anion-exchange resin possessed the largest pore volume and sheltered surface area accessible to a microbial population. The phenol-degrading activity of biomass associated with this resin continued to increase throughout the 85-day incubation period. Supernatant withdrawn from these cultures was less efficient at removing phenol than the supernatant from the activated carbon-containing cultures, suggesting that the consortium was still growing and being retained on the resin.
Journal Article
Strategic Planning of Recycling Drop-Off Stations and Collection Network by Multiobjective Programming
/ Effective planning of solid-waste recycling programs is a substantial challenge to the current solid-waste management systems in Taiwan. Due to the rapid depletion of landfill space and the continuing delay in construction programs of municipal incinerators, solid-waste management strategies have to be reorganized in light of the success of recycling, recovery, and reuse of secondary materials. One of these efforts is how to effectively allocate recycling drop-off stations of appropriate size and how to design efficient collection-vehicle routing and scheduling programs in the solid waste collection network. This management strategy is particularly important in the privatized system with recycling containers and material recovery facilities (MRFs) owned by one agency. This research seeks multiobjective evaluation of the trade-off between the number and size of drop-off stations, the population covered in the service network, the average walking distance to drop-off stations by the population, and the distance traveled by collection vehicles. It also illustrates the use of the multiobjective nonlinear mixed integer programming model to achieve such goals that are solved by the genetic algorithms (GA) in a geographical information system (GIS) platform. The case study shows the application potential of such a methodology in the city of Kaohsiung in Taiwan.KEY WORDS: Optimization analysis; Recycling; Solid waste managementhttp://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00267/bibs/24n2p247.html
Journal Article
Activated-Sludge Yield Reduction Using Chemical Uncouplers
To determine whether chemical additions can be used to reduce sludge production in biological wastewater treatment, uncouplers of respiratory adenosine triphosphate production were added to activated-sludge cultures. Effects of 12 uncoupling chemicals on cell yields in batch cultures were compared. The most effective of these chemicals, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP), was tested in a continuous-flow, bench-scale, completely mixed activated-sludge system treating simulated municipal wastewater. Initially, TCP addition reduced average yield by approximately 50%. After 80 days, sludge yield increased as TCP levels in the reactor decreased. Specific oxygen use rates were good indicators of sludge yields, increasing from 8 g${\\rm O}_{2}$/g volatile suspended solids (VSS)·d without TCP addition to approximately 20 g${\\rm O}_{2}$/g VSS·d, when sludge yield was lowest. These results suggest that addition of chemical uncouplers to biological wastewater treatment systems can significantly reduce sludge production, but long-term bioacclimation can eventually negate the effects of uncoupler addition.
Journal Article
Restoration of a Canadian prairie wetland with agricultural and municipal wastewater
/ A rapid development and approval process was employed by Ducks Unlimited Canada and other stakeholders to restore a 1246-ha (3079-acre) northern prairie wetland in southern Alberta, Canada, with 3640 m3/day (800,000 US gallons) of municipal wastewater and beef processing wastewater. A large nongovernmental organization hastened restoration with a development process that outlined restoration goals and management objectives to satisfy a dual mandate of wastewater treatment and wildlife habitat creation. In 1995, after five years of wastewater additions, the basins had been refilled and the surrounding uplands had been acquired and restored. The Frank Lake Conservation Area currently provides high-quality habitat for a variety of wildlife in a region where many of the native plants and animals species have been lost due to habitat loss and fragmentation. The success of upland and water management strategies is reflected in the increase of target species' abundance and richness: 50 shorebird species, 44 waterfowl species, 15 raptor species, and 28 other new bird species have returned to the marsh since restoration. As well, significant N and P reduction occurs as waters flow through the first basin of the marsh. The management strategies of this project that satisfied a dual mandate serve as a model to guide managers of other large-scale wetland restoration projects.KEY WORDS: Frank Lake; Wetland restoration; Adaptive management; Prairie; Wastewaterhttp://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00267/bibs/24n1p25.html
Journal Article
Metal leaching from MSW fly ash before and after chemical and thermal treatments
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration fly ash was collected in the industrial facilities in the city of Toulouse, equipped with recent gas scrubbing equipment which collects daily 15 t of lime treated fly ash. The fly ash contains a large proportion of water soluble chlorides, besides trace elements such as iron, zinc, titanium and copper. Presently, the fly ash is landfilled after a cement solidification process. Matrix stability and leaching behavior of heavy metals (Cd, Cu) from samples of doped MSW fly ash were examined before and after chemical and thermal treatments. A new phosphate process leading to hydroxylapatite formation is described. To evaluate it's performance as a stabilization process, cupric and cadmium ions were added as typical pollutant tracers and their distribution was studied as a function of different treatment parameters. The hydroxylapatite process used effectively removes chloride ions in the water extract and retains most of the added metal ions in the solid residues. Evaluation of this procedure as a cold process shows 50% reduction in leachable metal ions. Calcination of the solid residues at 900°C results in agglomerated particles with increased resistance to metal ion dissolution. This is attributed to heavy metal incorporation in the hydroxylapatite matrix formed during the thermal treatment. Thus, combined chemical and thermal treatments are efficient for heavy metal stabilization in MSW fly ash.
Journal Article
Quality degradation: implications for DBP formation
During development of the draft Disinfectants-Disinfection By-products (D-DBP) Rule, the issue of watershed management for DBP precursor control was discussed but not included in the rule. This article focuses on a major California watershed, describing examples of the types of studies that utilities can use to determine precursor sources and develop solutions for control. In addition, a chlorination and ozonation study of a five-by-five matrix of total organic carbon and bromide levels—which spanned a wide range of concentrations that can be expected in many US waters—provided insights into the effects of organic and inorganic precursors and disinfectants in DBP formation.
Journal Article
Understanding Corrosion Control Strategies for Lead
This article reviews the factors that should be considered by individual utilities in developing a lead-solubility control program based on the adjustment of pH, dissolved inorganic carbonate, and orthophosphate. Because of the lack of fundamental and applied corrosion control research and the complexity of the chemical interactions involved, the recommendations included are only best estimates—which can be updated as new data become available. A flow chart is provided to aid in the selection of the best treatment scheme; it is based on the philosophy that chemical models are a useful qualitative guide to the impact of water chemistry on lead solubility but that levels of adjustment should be determined by feedback from pilot testing. Este artículo revisa los factores que deberían ser considerados por las empresas de agua en el desarrollo de programas de control de la solubilidad del plomo con base en el ajuste del pH, carbonato inorgánico disuelto, y ortofosfatos. Debido a la falta de una investigación fundamental sobre control de corrosión y a la complejidad de la interacciones qumícas, las recomendaciones incluidas son solo los mejores estimados los cuales pueden ser actualizados cuando se disponga de nuevos datos. Se incluye un diagrama para ayuda en la eleccion del mejor esquema de tratamiento; está basado en la filosofía de que los modelos químicos son úna guía útil cualitativa del impacto de la química del agua en la solubilidad del plomo y que niveles de ajuste deberían determinate como retroalimentación de las pruebas piloto.
Journal Article