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Heroes & cowards : the social face of war
Heroes and Cowards demonstrates the role that social capital plays in people's decisions. The makeup of various companies--whether soldiers were of the same ethnicity, age, and occupation--influenced whether soldiers remained loyal or whether they deserted. Costa and Kahn discuss how the soldiers benefited from friendships, what social factors allowed some to survive the POW camps while others died, and how punishments meted out for breaking codes of conduct affected men after the war. The book also examines the experience of African-American soldiers and makes important observations about how their comrades shaped their lives. --from publisher description
Book
Punishment's place: the local concentration of mass incarceration
The crime rate is measured by the Uniform Crime Reports (ucr) \"index\" offenses (aggravated assault, forcible rape, murder, robbery, arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft) per 100,000 persons in Chicago. Concentrated incarceration may have the unintended consequence of increasing crime rates through its negative impact on the labor market and social-capital prospects of former prisoners.20 What is more, evidence shows that neighborhood context plays a major role in the recidivism rates of ex-prisoners.21 The integration of prisoner release programs and efforts to build community capacity are important steps for policy.22 Along with policy reform, efforts to destigmatize and achieve justice for communities are crucial to overcoming the vicious cycle of crime production, victimization, incapacitation, and disadvantage.
Journal Article
Engaging Communities in Youth Violence Prevention: Introduction and Contents
Youth violence (YV) is a major public health problem in the United States that has substantial short- and long-term negative impacts on youths, their families, and communities. Homicide was the third leading cause of death among youths aged 10 to 24years in 2019, with 90.3% of these homicides being firearm related.1 Each day, approximately 1163 youths are treated in emergency departments for nonfatal assault-related injuries, totaling 424374 youths in 2019.1 Data from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey show that, in the 12 months before the survey, 7.4% of high-school students reported being threatened or injured with a weapon at school and 4.4% reported carrying a gun for nonrecreational purposes.2 Approximately 9% of students reported not going to school at least once in the past 30 days because they felt unsafe, either at school or on their way to or from school.2 In addition, in 2019, about one in five students reported being bullied at school and being in a physical fight at least once in the past year.2Exposure to violence during childhood is an adverse experience that can have lasting negative impacts on health and development as a victim, perpetrator, or witness and can increase the likelihood of future violence perpetration and victimization, physical and mental health problems, chronic diseases, substance abuse, academic challenges, and suicide (http://bit.ly/38bbydS). YV is connected to other forms of violence and shares several risk and protective factors with child abuse and neglect, adolescent dating violence, sexual violence, suicide, and adult intimate partner violence (http://bit.ly/38gAYH0).Violence was recognized in 1985 by US Surgeon General C. Everett Koop as a public health problem (http://bit.ly/ 3sS9WgL), and, in 2001, US Surgeon General David Satcher released the first Surgeon General's report on YV in the United States. This report described the public health approach to YV prevention and called for rigorous research on prevention strategies.
Journal Article
Social Capital and Women's Reduced Vulnerability to HIV Infection in Rural Zimbabwe
Social capital—especially through its \"network\" dimension (high levels of participation in local community groups)—is thought to be an important determinant of health in many contexts. We investigate its effect on HIV prevention, using prospective data from a general population cohort in eastern Zimbabwe spanning a period of extensive behavior change (1998—2003). Almost half of the initially uninfected women interviewed were members of at least one community group. In an analysis of 88 communities, individuals with higher levels of community group participation had lower incidence of new HIV infections and more of them had adopted safer behaviors, although these effects were largely accounted for by differences in socio-demographic composition. Individual women in community groups had lower HIV incidence and more extensive behavior change, even after controlling for confounding factors. Community group membership was not associated with lower HIV incidence in men, possibly reflecting a propensity among men to participate in groups that allow them to develop and demonstrate their masculine identities—often at the expense of their health. Support for women's community groups could be an effective HIV prevention strategy in countries with large-scale HIV epidemics.
Journal Article
\THEY COME IN PEASANTS AND LEAVE CITIZENS\: Urban Villages and the Making of Shenzhen, China
This essay examines the ongoing process of postsocialist transformation at the intersection of cultural and economic forces in an urban environment through the example of the so-called \"urban villages\" (chengzhongcun) in Shenzhen, China, a booming southern Chinese city and former Special Economic Zone next to Hong Kong. This essay ethnographically examines the role of former rural collectives encircled by a city that has exploded from farmland to an export-driven city of over 14 million people in little over one generation. These villages form an internal other that is both the antithesis and the condition of possibility for Shenzhen city. By co-opting the market economy in ways that weave them into the fabric of the contemporary global city, the villages become as much an experiment as the Special Economic Zone itself. This essay analyzes the urban—rural divide as complicit in each other's continued production and effacement and explores how village and city exploit the ambiguities of their juxtaposition in the making of Shenzhen.
Journal Article
The Odyssey’s mythological network
In this work, we study the mythological network of Odyssey of Homer. We use ordinary statistical quantifiers in order to classify the network as real or fictional. We also introduce an analysis of communities which allows us to see how network properties shall emerge. We found that Odyssey can be classified both as real and fictional network. This statement is supported as far as mythological characters are removed, which results in a network with real properties. The community analysis indicated to us that there is a power-law relationship based on the max degree of each community. These results allow us to conclude that Odyssey might be an amalgam of myth and of historical facts, with communities playing a central role.
Journal Article
Feeding the family during times of stress: experience and determinants of food insecurity in an Inuit community
This paper uses a mixed methods approach to characterise the experience of food insecurity among Inuit community members in Igloolik, Nunavut, and examine the conditions and processes that constrain access, availability, and quality of food. We conducted semi-structured interviews (n = 66) and focus groups (n = 10) with community members, and key informant interviews with local and territorial health professionals and policymakers (n = 19). The study indicates widespread experience of food insecurity. Even individuals and households who were food secure at the time of the research had experienced food insecurity in the recent past, with food insecurity largely transitory in nature. Multiple determinants of food insecurity operating over different spatial-temporal scales are identified, including food affordability and budgeting, food knowledge and preferences, food quality and availability, environmental stress, declining hunting activity, and the cost of harvesting. These determinants are operating in the context of changing livelihoods and climate change, which in many cases are exacerbating food insecurity, although high-order manifestations of food insecurity (that is, starvation) are no longer experienced.
Journal Article
Long-Term Effects of the Demographic Transition on Family and Kinship Networks in Britain
In this chapter, I describe how the family and kin constellations of cohorts in Britain have changed between 1850 (just before the onset of the first demographic tranisition) and 2010 -- a date by which the consequences of the second demographic transition are affecting the wider demographic system. While information on co-resident groups, including families and households, available from surveys and censuses has been analyzed in detail (e.g. Wall 2001; Ruggles 2009), much less is known about non-co-resident kin. However, the increased propensity of people to live in separate households and the greater instability of family life mean that some types of family members outside the household area becoming more common and potentially more important. This chapter is concerned with such wider kinship and family networks, whether co-resident or not. The main indicator used is the estimated average number of people's living kin of various types at different ages and over the whole lifetime. I illustrate these estimates primarily though contour charts showing the ages at which the average numbers of kin are found. Adapted from the source document.
Journal Article
Hepatic changes by benznidazole in a specific treatment for Chagas disease
Chagas disease (Cd) is the third most common parasitic disease that causes damage to human health. Even a century after its description by Carlos Chagas and advances in its control, it remains a neglected disease. To eradicate the parasite or reduce the parasitic load, specific treatment for Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is advisable; benznidazole (BNZ) is the drug that is currently prescribed. The purpose of this study is to report the adverse events (AE) due to the use of BNZ as a specific treatment for Cd, with a particular focus on hepatic changes. This was an observational, cross-sectional cohort study that included patients who were treated with BNZ. The medical records of patients who joined the Grupo de Estudo em doença de Chagas [Chagas Disease Study Group]/UNICAMP/Brazil and were treated with BNZ were reviewed for epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and AE parameters for the drug. The 204 patients who were assessed had an average age of 40.6 years ± 13.5 years, and 104 of them were women (50.98%). Fourteen (6.86%) individuals were in the acute phase of Cd, and 190 (93.13%) were in its chronic phase. AEs occurred in 85 patients (41.66%), 35 (41.17%) of whom had AEs related to the liver, characterized by an elevation of AST liver enzymes, ALT, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase (γGT). Other AEs that were observed included the following: 48 cases of cutaneous changes (56.47%), 8 cases of epigastric pain (9.41%), 7 cases of blood alteration (8.23%), and 3 cases of peripheral neuropathy (3.52%). Treatment was interrupted in 32 patients (37.64%) due to AD. Adverse events related to the liver secondary to the use of BNZ for Cd-specific treatment were frequent in this study and were characterized by an elevation of liver enzymes. Therefore, it is suggested that these enzymes be monitored during treatment with benznidazole.
Journal Article
What is the 'Neighbourhood' in Neighbourhood Satisfaction? Comparing the Effects of Structural Characteristics Measured at the Micro-neighbourhood and Tract Levels
Using the neighbourhood sub-sample from the American Housing Survey for 1985, 1989 and 1993, this study tests whether the social context of the local microneighbourhood or of the broader census tract more strongly affects neighbourhood satisfaction. It is found that the local context of the micro-neighbourhood generally has a stronger effect on residents' reported satisfaction. In contrast to studies aggregating to larger units, it is found that greater residential stability in the micro-neighbourhood increases reported neighbourhood satisfaction. A low socioeconomic status of the local micro-neighbourhood decreases neighbourhood satisfaction more than does the socioeconomic status of the surrounding tract and this effect is amplified in low-income tracts. Whereas prior evidence is mixed when aggregating perceptions of crime to larger units, a robust negative effect on satisfaction is found when aggregated to the micro-neighbourhood.
Journal Article