Explore the vast range of titles available.

Objectives To determine whether crime-reduction effects of increased police patrols in hot spots are dependent on the “hard” threat of immediate physical arrest, or whether “soft” patrols by civilian (but uniformed) police staff with few arrest powers and no weapons can also reduce crime. We also sought to assess whether the number of discrete patrol visits to a hot spot was more or less important than the total minutes of police presence across all visits, and whether effects based on counts of crime would be consistent with effects on a Crime Harm Index outcome. Methods We randomly assigned 72 hot spots into 34 treatment units and 38 controls. Treatment consisted of increases in foot patrol by uniformed, unarmed, Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) who carry no weapons and hold few arrest powers beyond those of ordinary citizens. GPS-trackers on every PCSO and Constable in the city yielded precise measurements of all patrol time in all hot spots. Standardized mean differences (Cohen’s d ), OLS regression model, and Weighted Displacement Quotient are used to assess main effects, to model the interaction effect of GPS data with treatment, and to measure the diffusion-of-benefits of the intervention, respectively. Outcomes included counts of incidents as well as the Cambridge Crime Harm Index. Results As intended, patrol visits and minutes by Police Constables were equal across the treatment and control groups. The sole difference in policing between the treatments groups was in visits to the hot spots by PCSOs, in both the mean daily frequency of discrete visits (T = 4.65, C = 2.66; p  ≤ .001) and total minutes across all visits (T = 37.41, C = 15.92; p  ≤ .001), approximately two more ten-minute visits per day in treatment than in control. Main effect estimates suggest 39 % less crime by difference-in-difference analysis of reported crimes compared to control conditions, and 20 % reductions in emergency calls-for-service compared to controls. Crime in surrounding areas showed a diffusion of benefits rather than displacement for treatment hot spots compared to controls. A “Reiss’s Reward” effect was observed, with more proactive patrols predicting less crime across treatment hot spots, while more reactive PCSO time predicted more crime across control hot spots. Crime Harm Index estimates of the seriousness value of crime prevented ranged from 85 to 360 potential days of imprisonment in each treatment group hot spot (relative to controls) by a mean difference of 21 more minutes of PCSO patrol per day, for a potential return on investment of up to 26 to 1. Conclusions A crime reduction effect of extra patrols in hot spots is not conditional on “hard” police power. Even small differences in foot patrols showing the “soft power” of unarmed paraprofessionals, holding constant vehicular patrols by Police Constables, were causally linked to both lower counts of crimes and a substantially lower crime harm index score. Correlational evidence within the treatment group suggests that greater frequency of discrete PCSO visits may yield more crime reduction benefit than greater duration of those visits, but RCTs are needed for better evidence on this crucial issue.

Ties that Enable is written for students, providers, and advocates seeking to understand how best to improve mental health care – be it for themselves, their loved ones, their clients, or for the wider community. The authors integrate their knowledge of mental health care as researchers, teachers, and advocates and rely on the experiences of people living with severe mental health problems to help understand the sources of community solidarity. Communities are the primary source of social solidarity, and given the diversity of communities, solutions to the problems faced by individuals living with severe mental health problems must start with community level initiatives. “Ties that Enable” examines the role of a faith-based community group in providing a sense of place and belonging as well as reinforcing a valued social identity. The authors argue that mental health reform efforts need to move beyond a focus on individual recovery to more complex understandings of the meaning of community care. In addition, mental health care needs to move from a medical model to a social model which sees the roots of mental illness and recovery as lying in society, not the individual. It is our society’s inability to provide inclusive supportive environments which restrict the ability of individuals to recover. This book provides insights into how communities and system level reforms can promote justice and the higher ideals we aspire to as a society.

Purpose Online service brand communities (OBCs) are an essential services marketing channel and relationship marketing tool, in which social capital (SC) is a critical success factor. Underpinned in social identity and social exchange theories, this paper aims to explore the effects of SC on customer brand engagement (CBE), considering the roles of collective psychological ownership (CPO), customer citizenship behaviour (CCB) and perceived community support (PCS). Design/methodology/approach The research model was tested using survey data from 256 participants; 137 from the Xiaomi Community and 119 from the Huawei Fan Club. Partial least squares-structural equation modelling analysis was used. Findings SC drives CBE. CPO and CCB are important mediators, whilst PCS is an important moderator. Practical implications Brand marketers need to foster SC in OBCs to achieve the maximum level of customer engagement. The authors provide recommendations as to how to build structural, relational and cognitive SC, as well as CPO, CCB and PCS. In short, brand marketers need to foster an interactive, empowering and supportive environment. Originality/value The authors further service research around the humanisation of technology. Specifically, OBCs are social spaces for brands and customers, and a key enabler of relationship marketing principles, such as CBE. The authors test the roles of structural, cognitive and relational SC in engagement in OBCs, through CPO and CCB. This holistic picture of engagement in OBCs is an important foundation for future service research.

In the expanding field of the gig economy, the interactions between app-workers and customers have become focal areas of academic investigation. Drawing from the conservation of resources (COR) theory, we propose and test a moderated dual mediation model to examine the impact of customer injustice on app-workers’ work outcomes, including withdrawal behaviors and service performance. Employing a mixed-method approach comprising two multi-wave, multisource field studies and an online scenario experiment, our findings provide support for the following hypotheses: customer injustice fosters withdrawal behaviors and undermines service performance by inducing app-workers to experience increased emotional exhaustion and reduced service-oriented self-efficacy. Nevertheless, the impacts of these associations are weakened when app-workers engage more frequently in online community support seeking behaviors. Theoretical implications and practical applications of our findings are discussed in the context of the burgeoning gig economy.

People living with HIV face multiple psychosocial challenges. In a large, predominantly rural Ethiopian region, 1799 HIV patients new to care were enrolled from 32 sites in a cluster randomized trial using trained community support workers with HIV to provide individual health education, counseling and social support. Participants received annual surveys through 36 months using items drawn from the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-10, Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey, and HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument-PLWA. At 12 months (using linear mixed effects regression models controlling for enrollment site clustering), intervention participants had greater emotional/informational and tangible assistance social support scores, and lower scores assessing depression symptoms and negative self-perception due to HIV status. A significant treatment effect at 36 months was also seen on scores assessing emotional/informational social support, depression symptoms, and internalized stigma. An intervention using peer community support workers with HIV to provide individualized informational and psychological support had a positive impact on the emotional health of people living with HIV who were new to care.(ClinicalTrials.gov protocol ID: 1410S54203, May 19, 2015).

There are few psychosocial support programs specifically designed to meet the unique developmental and health needs of LGBTQ youth. Even when available, many youth face significant barriers to accessing LGBTQ-specific services for fear of being “outed” to parents, peers, and community members. The current study assessed the utility, feasibility, and acceptability of a synchronous, adult-facilitated, chat-based Internet community support program for LGBTQ youth aged 13–19. Chat transcripts were analyzed to examine how LGBTQ youth used the chat-based platform to connect with peers and trusted adults. A separate user satisfaction survey was collected to assess the personal (e.g., sexual orientation, gender identity, age) and contextual (e.g., geography, family environment) characteristics of youth engaging in the platform, their preferred topics of discussion, and their satisfaction with the program focus and facilitators. Qualitative data analysis demonstrated the degree to which LGBTQ youth were comfortable disclosing difficult and challenging situations with family, friends, and in their community and in seeking support from peers and facilitators online. Youth also used the platform to explore facets of sexual and gender identity/expression and self-acceptance. Overall, users were very satisfied with the platform, and participants accurately reflect the program’s desired populations for engagement (e.g., LGBTQ youth of color, LGBTQ youth in the South). Together, findings support the feasibility and acceptability of synchronous, adult-facilitated, chat-based Internet programs to connect and support LGBTQ youth, which encourage future research and innovation in service delivery.

IntroductionOur hospital has chosen a model that goes beyond long-term hospital inpatient care to a community support for people with severe and persisting mental illnesses. This programme is called Community Support Programme (CSP) and focuses mainly on connecting patients who are being discharged from long-term hospitalization to a community based rehabilitation service.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of the CSP among people with severe and persisting mental illness, as a method to support the positive outcomes and reduce the use of hospital resources after a discharge.MethodsThis is a retrospect, observational descriptive study. We reviewed 55 cases between 2017 and May of 2021. We analyzed demographic information, diagnosis, duration of stay in the CSP, number of hospitalizations before and after the program, number of emergency visits before and after this program and what kind of community rehabilitation services are connected after the discharge.ResultsWe found 58,2% male and 41,8% female. The main diagnoses were schizophrenia; schizoaffective and bipolar disorder. Before the CSP 85.4% of the patients had been hospitalized, and 76% had attended in a psychiatric emergency unit. After the discharge 36,36% required hospitalization, and 40% visited the psychiatric emergencies units. 54,54% of patients didn’t require hospital resources after their discharge from CSP.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the CSP helps to avoid hospitalization, reduce the use of hospital resources and drop outs. It helps the transition from hospitalization to a community based rehabilitation service.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Bangladesh started institutionalising community participation by setting-up community clinics (CCs) during the mid-90 s. This paper presents the genealogy of CCs, the community participation mechanism embedded within CCs, and the case of 54 CCs in Brahmanbaria, through the lens of maternal health. We undertook a desk review to understand the journey of CCs. In 2018, we assessed the accessibility, readiness and functionality of CCs, and a household survey to know recently delivered women’s perceptions of CC’s community groups (CGs) and community support groups (CSGs). We performed multiple logistic regression to determine the association between the functionality of these groups and women’s perception regarding these groups’ activities on maternal health. The integration of community participation involving CCs started to roll out through the operationalisation of the Health and Population Sector Programme 1998–2003. In 2019, 13,907 CCs were operational. However, per our CC assessment, their accessibility and readiness were moderate but there were gaps in the functionality of the CCs. The perception of women regarding these groups’ functionality was significantly better when the group members met regularly. The gaps in CCs are primarily induced by the shortcomings of its community participation model. Proper understanding is needed to address this problem which has many facets and layers, including political priorities, expectations, and provisions at a local level.

This study aimed to examine depressive symptoms in ruralurban migrant workers in mainland China, with a focus on the moderating roles of community factors (i.e., community support network, community cohesion and community composition) in the relation between work stress and depressive symptoms. This study used secondary data from a national representative study conducted by the Social Survey Center at SUN-YETSEN University of China in 2014. The final sample contained 1434 participants from 29 provinces of China (Mean age = 36.47, SD = 11.91). Being female, lower self-rated health, lower levels of self-rated class, lower levels of community cohesion and higher work stress were related to higher depressive symptoms. Community cohesion was found to lessen the migrant workers depressive symptoms but was not identified as a moderator for work stress and depressive symptoms. Community supportive networks moderated the relation between work stress and depressive symptoms. Rural–urban migrant workers in China experienced high work stress and high depressive symptoms. Public health policies or programs should help expand and strengthen migrant workers’supportive network size, and facilitate the creation of community cohesion to lessen depressive symptoms.

Customers, constantly in search of hedonic wellbeing, are increasingly interacting with brands on digital platforms. While doing so, negative digital experiences often reduce their hedonic wellbeing. However, the reasons and remedies for unintended consequences of negative experiences are not clear. We conducted three experiments to uncover how and when the impact of negative digital experiences on hedonic wellbeing could be mitigated. Our findings suggest that digital brand attachment is the underlying mechanism for the influence of negative digital customer experience on customers’ hedonic wellbeing. Both adaptive coping ability and online brand community support alleviate the undesirable influence of negative digital customer experience on hedonic wellbeing through digital brand attachment. However, adaptive coping and online brand community support have no effect on the direct relationship between negative digital experience and hedonic wellbeing, a counterintuitive finding. Our findings offer theoretical insights into how negative digital customer experience affects hedonic wellbeing, and by uncovering the underlying psychological mechanism; this research also demonstrates the boundary conditions for the relationship between negative digital experience and hedonic wellbeing. We offer remedies for firms to increase brand community support and design different redressal strategies for customers with distinct levels of adaptive coping.