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"Community development Pennsylvania Philadelphia."
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The relationship between childhood adversity and food insecurity: ‘It’s like a bird nesting in your head
Adverse childhood experiences, including abuse, neglect and household instability, affect lifelong health and economic potential. The present study investigates how adverse childhood experiences are associated with food insecurity by exploring caregivers' perceptions of the impact of their childhood adversity on educational attainment, employment and mental health.
Semi-structured audio-recorded in-person interviews that included (i) quantitative measures of maternal and child health, adverse childhood experiences (range: 0-10) and food security using the US Household Food Security Survey Module; and (ii) qualitative audio-recorded investigations of experiences with abuse, neglect, violence and hunger over participants' lifetimes.
Households in Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Thirty-one mothers of children <4 years old who reported low or very low household food security.
Twenty-one caregivers (68 %) reported four or more adverse childhood experiences, and this severity was significantly associated with reports of very low food security (Fisher's exact P=0·021). Mothers reporting emotional and physical abuse were more likely to report very low food security (Fisher's exact P=0·032). Qualitatively, participants described the impact of childhood adverse experiences with emotional and physical abuse/neglect, and household substance abuse, on their emotional health, school performance and ability to maintain employment. In turn, these experiences negatively affected their ability to protect their children from food insecurity.
The associations between mothers' adverse experiences in childhood and reports of current household food security should inspire researchers, advocates and policy makers to comprehensively address family hardship through greater attention to the emotional health of caregivers. Programmes meant to address nutritional deprivation and financial hardship should include trauma-informed approaches that integrate behavioural interventions.
Journal Article
Diversity and Intersectionality among Environmentally Burdened Communities in the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area, USA
This study builds upon earlier work to investigate diversity and intersectionality among 39 extensively burdened communities. Thirteen different types of hazardous facilities were mapped onto census maps for the nine-county Philadelphia MSA. Using 2000 census data, each of 366 communities was classified as to its racial/ethnic composition, its social class status and its location (bordering the Delaware River, on a rail line, in urban, inner-ring, or outer-ring suburban communities). Risk for extensive burdening and mean number of hazards was calculated for each community type. Location in the city and in industrialised areas near the Delaware River appears to intersect with disadvantage and with racial/ethnic status to boost risk for burdening, while substantially White racial composition, affluence and location near rail lines and in the outer suburbs decrease risk and the number of hazardous facilities. However, more diversity was found among burdened communities than previous research would indicate.
Journal Article
Social Capital and Glucose Control
There is a growing diabetes epidemic in the United States and if we are to halt its progress we need to better understand the social determinants of this disease and its control. Social capital, which has been associated with general health and mortality, may be one important mediator of glucose control. In this study we determine if neighborhood social capital is associated with glucose control, independent of individual factors. We performed a cross-sectional study of Black veterans with diabetes living in Philadelphia. We merged individual-level data from surveys and charts with six area-level social capital descriptors. Holding all other variables constant, patients who lived in neighborhoods that scored near the 5th percentile of working together to improve the neighborhood were estimated to have glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values that were at least one point above a conservative clinical definition of \"diabetes control\" (HbA1c ≤ 8%). If these same patients were to live in neighborhoods in the 95th percentile, their expected HbA1c would be over ½ a point below the cut-off value 8%. No other measure of social capital was associated with HbA1c. In this study of black veterans with diabetes we observed that living in neighborhoods where people work together is associated with better glucose control.
Journal Article
The Temporary Permanence of Dominican Bodegueros in Philadelphia
The relationship between ‘neighbourhood’ and ‘community’ is contentious: while neighbourhoods are spatially based, communities are more amorphous institutions that are connected to local places through far-flung transnational networks. Dominican corner-store owners (bodegueros) in Philadelphia, USA, understand their role in their local neighbourhood community as a form of ‘temporary permanence’ because their economic development model involves building networks between the US and the Dominican Republic. The mobility practices of grocers and interviews with community leaders in Philadelphia are used to make two propositions about constructions of place-based ‘neighbourhood communities’ in the US: the mobility of the grocers highlights the spatial entrapment experienced by other urban residents and thus their embrace of place-based communities; and, in the mobility of the grocers and conversations with some neighbourhood leaders, we see actualised a more fluid and expansive understanding of the concept of a ‘neighbourhood community’ which is embedded in transnational networks.
Journal Article
Learning to Learn From Data: Benchmarks and Instructional Communities
This article examines the use of interim assessments in elementary schools in the School District of Philadelphia. The article reports on the qualitative component of a multimethod study about the use of interim assessments in Philadelphia. The study used an organizational learning framework to explore how schools can best develop the capacity to utilize the potential benefits of interim assessments. The qualitative analysis draws on data from intensive fieldwork in 10 elementary schools and interviews with district staff and others who worked with the schools, as well as further in-depth case study analysis of 5 schools. This article examines how school leaders and grade groups made sense of data provided through interim assessments and how they were able to use these data to rethink instructional practice. We found substantial evidence that interim assessments have the potential to contribute to instructional coherence and instructional improvement if they are embedded in a robust feedback system. Such feedback systems were not the norm in the schools in our study, and their development requires skill, knowledge, and concerted attention on the part of school leaders.
Journal Article
The 21st Century Urban University: New Roles for Practice and Research
The University of Pennsylvania has spent the last decade investing heavily in its neighborhood, University City, a disadvantaged community suffering population decline, property neglect and abandonment, and sporadic gentrification. Informed by contemporary urban planning theory, it crafted a five-pronged approach, known as the West Philadelphia Initiatives (WPI), that has had significant results in neighborhood revitalization. Following the success in the implementation of the WPI, the university created the Penn Institute for Urban Research, which seeks to blend practice and theory in urban-focused research that identifies and examines critical questions for the future. This essay outlines the evolution of the University of Pennsylvania's urban initiatives in the past decade.
Journal Article
Starting Young: Improving the Health and Developmental Outcomes of Infants and Toddlers in the Child Welfare System
The number of infants and toddlers entering out-of-home care has increased dramatically in the past few years, yet few published reports examine their needs. This article describes a collaborative, multidisciplinary developmental follow-up program for infants and toddlers that builds on the community-based family support model described in the Family to Family Foster Care Reform Initiative. The children's health and developmental status, as well as the program's effectiveness, are highlighted.
Journal Article
Philadelphia: The Holy Experiment
Philadelphia: The Holy Experiment, hosted by actor and Philadelphia resident David Morse, describes how concerned citizens like activists Doris Gualtney and Iris Brown, muralist Jane Golden, sculptor Lily Yeh, musician Kenny Gamble, gardener Mary Corby, restauranteur Judy Wicks, grieving father Ed Elliss, and the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society's 'Philly Green' initiative spawned by JoanReilly, Jane Pepper and Blaine Bonham, Jr. have all combined to grow a new title - 'Farmadelphia' - for the city founded by William Penn in honor of his father. The present-day 'greening' of Philadelphia has many diverse and energetic faces but none is more dominant than its founder who laid out a groundwork for an Eden-like green, inhabitable city in the early 1700s, that is now being fulfilled.
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