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Background Compassion is closely linked to psychological well-being, and several assessment tools have been developed and studied to assess the level of compassion in different populations and for more precise measurement. There is currently a scarcity of comprehensive knowledge about compassion-related assessment tools, and our research provides an overview of these tools. Aims To identify scales used to measure compassion from different flows, and to assess their measurement properties and quality. Methods Focusing on compassion assessment tools, the authors conducted a thorough search of 10 Chinese and English databases from their establishment until August 14, 2022. Data extracted included the author, year, country, objectives, target population, as well as the primary evaluation content. Using the COSMIN checklist, the methodological quality and measurement properties of the included studies were appraised. This scoping review was registered with the Open Science Framework and followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist. Results There were 15,965 papers searched, and 36 compassion-related measurement tools were identified in this study. None of the 36 studies provided possessed all nine psychometric properties, as outlined by the COSMIN criteria. On the basis of a systematic evaluation of quality, measurement qualities were ranked. The results for internal consistency and content validity were relatively favorable, whereas the results for structural validity were variable and the results for the remaining attributes were either uncertain or negative. A Venn diagram was used to illustrate the overlapping groups of compassion measurement tools based on the three-way flow of compassion. An overview of the reference instrument and theoretical basis for the included studies was provided, and half of them did not contain any theoretical or scale-based evidence. Conclusion In this study, 36 compassion-related measuring instruments were identified, and the methodological quality and measurement properties of the included studies were acceptable. The included measurements were consistent with flows of compassion. A further focus of further research should be on developing theories in the compassion domain and developing instruments for measuring compassion that are multidimensional, multi-populations, and culturally relevant.

The goal of this study was to validate the Slovak version of a recently developed instrument, The Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales (CEAS; Gilbert et al., 2017), by testing its reliability and factor structure and validity by concurrently measuring the Self-compassion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003). The CEAS comprises three scales: Self-Compassion, Compassion to Others, and Compassion from Others. The convenience sample consisted of 638 people, aged 18 to 69 years (M=23.20, SD=6.56). Cronbachs alphas for the total score of the three scales were between 0.65 and 0.90. Reliability indices (Omega Total, Omega Hierarchical, and Explained common variance index) indicated that Compassion to Others (ωh=0.81; ECV=0.76) and Compassion from Others (ωh=0.89; ECV=0.80), but not Self-Compassion (ωh=0.57; ECV=0.40), had a very strong single general factor. We fitted the three CEAS scales with the four models. For all three scales, the bifactor ESEM displayed the best fit. To sum up, the findings of our research show that the Slovak versions of the Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales could be used for measuring the two kinds of compassion, but excluding the Self-compassion scale.

As a social-interactional positive behavior, the flow of compassion (i.e., self-compassion, compassion for others, and compassion from others), which refers to sensitivity to suffering in self and others with a commitment to try to alleviate and prevent it, has yet to be investigated in a highly social-interactional context such as foreign language learning classrooms. Thus, the present study adopted an ecological perspective within Bronfenbrenner’s (1979, 1993) analytic nested ecosystems model to explore how the flow of compassion is rooted in such a context. Sixteen Iranian English as a foreign language learners took part in the current study, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Employing the framework of the nested ecosystems model, we identified both influential individual and environmental factors underlying the flow of compassion among the participants. The flow of compassion proved to be influenced differently at different ecosystemic levels by individual and environmental factors. At the individual level, negative and positive emotions, fears, non-judgmental attitudes, intimacy, well-being, improvement, motivation, and action were found as influential factors in emerging the flow of compassion. At the contextual level, the identified influential factors included past experiences outside of the classroom, extracurricular activities, institution policy and criteria, cultural and social values, as well as the use of technology and the internet. Limitations and implications of the present study are also discussed.

Compassion for others and self-compassion are assumed to be closely related concepts. Yet, as they have been mostly studied separately, little is known about their relationship and to what extent they differ or resemble each other with respect to their correlates. This cross-sectional study aimed to gain knowledge on their mean levels, interrelationship, and relationships to psychological well-being and demographic factors. A community sample of 328 adults completed a series of standardized self-report questionnaires to assess compassion for others, self-compassion, depressive symptoms, negative affect, and positive affect. Results showed that compassion for others and self-compassion were not significantly related. Self-compassion was more strongly related to negative and positive indicators of affect than compassion for others. Compassion for others was higher in women than in men, and in low educated individuals compared to higher educated individuals. In contrast, self-compassion was lower in low educated individuals. Future research can build up on these findings to enlarge the understanding of how compassion for others and self-compassion relate and differ from each other.

Burnout produces negative effects on academic performance, and, in turn, feelings of inefficiency that are detrimental to students' psychosocial well‐being. The aim of this research is to determine the effects that self‐compassion and compassion toward others have on various burnout dimensions in a sample of medical students. A total of 235 medical students (61.7% women) aged between 16 and 32 years old (M = 19.82; SD = 2.37) belonging to a Colombian university participated. A cluster analysis to segment the population according to burnout was carried out along with nonparametric contrasts to identify differences in the levels of self‐compassion and compassion toward others between each profile. A series of regression analyses was designed to find out how each type of compassion was associated with burnout on each profile. The cluster analysis allowed us to identify three profiles. The low‐involvement profile (n = 51) is characterized by low depersonalization, intermediate levels of emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment and exhibits low levels of self‐compassion and compassion fatigue compared with the other profiles. The positive‐adaptation profile (n = 104) is characterized by low depersonalization levels, intermediate degrees of emotional exhaustion and high levels of personal accomplishment and exhibits the highest levels of self‐compassion and compassion fatigue compared with the other profiles. The high‐demand profile (n = 104) is characterized by intermediate depersonalization levels, medium–high levels of emotional exhaustion and high levels of personal accomplishment and exhibits intermediate levels of self‐compassion and low levels of compassion fatigue. Establishing profiles based on burnout allows students to be segmented and for precise knowledge to be acquired about the effects that both types of compassion have on the dimensions of burnout.

Objectives Research shows that compassion from others and from the self may enable university students to face, overcome, and bounce back from adversity and generate a greater sense of thriving and meaning in life. However, the underlying processes are largely unknown. The present study aimed to examine the associations of compassion with psychological distress, flourishing, and meaning in life among university students and explore the mechanisms underlying these associations. Methods A total of 536 Hong Kong university students completed questionnaires measuring their experiences of compassion from others, self-compassion, resilience, psychological distress, flourishing, and meaning in life. Results Serial mediation analyses showed that compassion from others was associated positively with self-compassion, which was, in turn, linked to greater resilience and consequently lower levels of psychological distress and higher levels of flourishing and meaning in life. Conclusions Our findings reveal the associations of compassion from others and self-compassion with the well-being and life meaning of university students. The findings highlight the importance of being open and receptive to love and kindness from others. The findings also point to the importance of developing a caring attitude toward oneself.

Compassion has been shown to improve well-being across multiple settings. While the link between self-compassion and well-being is well-established, findings on compassion for others have been more mixed. Using a multilevel approach, this meta-analysis of 54 effect sizes examined the relationship between compassion for others and well-being. The results revealed a moderate, statistically significant positive association ( r  = .26), suggesting that compassion for others contributes meaningfully to overall well-being. This relationship was consistent for psychological well-being, cognitive well-being, social well-being, and positive affect, whereas the results were weaker for negative affect. Furthermore, results showed that this relationship is not moderated by age, gender, or region. In addition, we examined if there is a causal relationship between compassion for others and well-being examining six effect sizes for state and trait compassion interventions. The results showed moderate improvements in well-being following compassion-based training, indicating promising but preliminary evidence for a causal effect. However, the absence of consistent control group comparisons limits firm conclusions about causality. This meta-analysis presents the first rigorous synthesis of evidence linking compassion for others to well-being, highlighting compassion for others as a distinct and meaningful contributor.

Objectives Self-compassion has been associated with numerous benefits at a personal level. However, despite suggestions that self-compassion might also lead to benefits for others, findings are inconsistent, and evidence regarding putative mechanisms is lacking. This pre-registered study examined whether personal values (self-transcendence, self-enhancement, conservation) mediated the link between self-compassion and compassion for others (within one’s social network) in a general population sample. Method A community sample ( n = 707) anonymously completed measures indexing demographics, self- and other-focused compassion, and personal values in an online survey. Results As predicted, self-compassion was associated with higher compassion for others. A parallel multiple mediation model showed that differences in self-transcendence values (but not conservation or self-enhancement) were significant mediators ( a 3 b 3 = 0.94 , 95% CI [0.40, 1.55]). Conclusions Self-compassion may be a way to enhance compassion for others, and differences in personal values (i.e., self-transcendence) may help explain this important link. Findings suggest the importance of evaluating motivation-related mediators in self-compassion research. Moreover, the research emphasizes the importance of identifying specific pathways through which self-compassion can potentially yield benefits. Further work in this area can enhance our understanding of the construct as well as inform future self-compassion interventions. Pre-registration This study was pre-registered in AsPredicted.org (#86706).

Background Given the fundamental role of compassionate care in nursing, it is essential to integrate strategies that enhance self-compassion and compassion for others into nursing education. This study aimed to investigate the effect of inquiry-based stress reduction on self-compassion and compassion for others among undergraduate nursing students. Methods This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest-posttest control group design. Seventy third-year nursing students were selected using a convenience sampling method and then randomly assigned to either an intervention group ( n  = 35) or a control group ( n  = 35). The intervention group participated in an inquiry-based stress reduction program consisting of two-hour sessions held twice weekly for three weeks, while the control group received no intervention. All participants completed the Sussex-Oxford Compassion for Others Scale and the Self-Compassion Scale before and one month after the intervention. Results The results revealed a statistically significant increase in self-compassion score of the intervention group after the intervention (87.68 ± 10.84) compared to before the intervention (75.4 ± 11.91) ( P  < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.07, with a very large effect). However, the control group showed no significant change in self-compassion scores before and after the intervention (74.74 ± 11.39 vs. 75.88 ± 11.32) ( P  = 0.12). Similarly, the intervention group experienced a significant increase in compassion for others score after the intervention (57.3 ± 6.9) compared to before the intervention (42.6 ± 5.3) ( P  < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 2.38, with a very large effect). However, the control group showed no significant change in compassion for others scores before and after the intervention (42.2 ± 5.3 vs. 43.4 ± 5.2) ( P  = 0.06). Conclusions The inquiry-based stress reduction program enhanced self-compassion and compassion for others among nursing students. This intervention is recommended for medical students, particularly nursing students, who often work in demanding hospital environments with direct patient interaction, to mitigate stress in clinical settings. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Research on the link between compassion toward others (CTO) and subjective well-being (SWB) has gained increasing attention in recent years. However, studies about the prospective relationship between these two constructs, as well as its underlying psychological process (i.e., mediators), are limited. For this reason, we conducted long-term three-wave longitudinal research, with six months between waves, among a large and representative sample of Chileans ( N  = 1477) to analyze the longitudinal relationship between CTO and SWB. First, we hypothesized that CTO longitudinally predicts higher SWB (H1). Second, we theorized that beneficence, a sense of having a prosocial impact on others, would mediate the CTO–SWB link (H2). To test the hypotheses, cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) were conducted. Our hypotheses were supported by the data. The results of Model 1 show that CTO prospectively predicts higher SWB, thus confirming the first hypothesis. Model 2 shows that CTO prospectively predicts higher SWB indirectly through the mediation of beneficence, which supports our second hypothesis. The implications of the findings of this study and suggestions for future research are discussed from an evolutionary perspective.