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\"Canadians have achieved an enviable balance of economic prosperity and civic harmony, but as emerging countries like China, India, and Brazil take their place alongside developed economies, we cannot be complacent. Our high paying jobs, world-class learning and research institutes, excellent health care, and social safety nets exist only to the extent that we are innovative and competitive globally.

Offering a unique cross-disciplinary approach to scholarship in law and economics, this much-needed work expounds and critically evaluates all of the major doctrines of Canadian competition policy. The topics addressed, each in a separate chapter, include: Canadian competition policy in an historical context; basic economic concepts; multi-firm conduct; horizontal agreements; the merger review process; predatory pricing and price discrimination; vertical restraints; intra-brand competition; inter-brand competition; abuse of dominance; competition policy and intellectual property rights; competition policy and trade policy; competition policy and regulated industries; and enforcement. The treatment of each substantive topic is organized first around a discussion of the relevant body (or bodies) of economic theory and then the pertinent bodies of legal doctrine, including case law. Each chapter contains a critique of existing law in light of contemporary economic theory. This is the only book available that offers an up-to-date integrated analysis of economic theory and legal doctrine in the context of Canadian competition policy.

Domestic carbon pricing policies may impose adverse competitiveness risks on energy-intensive firms competing with foreign firms that may bear a lower carbon price. The risks of competitiveness effects include adverse economic and environmental outcomes, which can undermine political support for carbon pricing. Competitiveness policies, such as border tax adjustments, output-based tax credits, and related policies, also carry potential risks: unfavorable distributional outcomes, less cost-effective, and harming international trade and climate negotiations. This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical research on competitiveness risks and the risks posed by competitiveness policies, and presents two alternative frameworks for evaluating competitiveness policy options.

Este artículo busca identificar el desarrollo teórico y empírico del campo de investigación de la competitividad industrial en torno al concepto de capacidades tecnológicas propuesto por Sanjaya Lall en el marco de las firmas. Se emplea una metodología que consiste en la revisión sistemática de literatura durante el periodo comprendido entre 1987 y 2019. Como principal hallazgo, el estudio permitió identificar claramente tres líneas futuras de investigación sobre la dinámica de las capacidades tecnológicas, la estructura de incentivos y el análisis de las variables macrofundamentales, lo que permite concluir que existe un campo de estudio emergente con relación a las interacciones entre las capacidades tecnológicas, desde su perspectiva económica, y los recursos y capacidades desde la literatura estratégica y administrativa. Con lo cual este estudio aporta de manera significativa a la reflexión teórica en la relación que existe entre las capacidades tecnológicas y la gestión, las métricas de los recursos de la firma y los escenarios, ambientes y procesos de aprendizaje en el ámbito individual, colectivo, organizativo e interorganizativo de las firmas.

El sistema financiero electrónico que promueve la banca de Ecuador despliega un avance tecnológico importante y que exige (para su innovación) adecuar una práctica que facilite el pago de transferencias a partir de cargas electrónicas vía celular. El propósito de esta investigación es analizar los efectos de utilizar el nuevo sistema de dinero electrónico. En la investigación, se reconoce el método dialéctico, y se presentan los fenómenos y las contradicciones que limitan de forma parcial la liquidez de los bancos ecuatorianos. Se concluye que el uso del dinero electrónico en la comercialización de bienes y servicios evita el redondeo, el traslado de efectivo en físico, los robos y las muertes violentas. Además, propicia la competitividad como diferenciador de los negocios electrónicos.

In most cases, regulatory responses to market failures restrict competition.17 This is because it is the alleged failure of competitive forces that is the target of government intervention in the first place. In this respect, regulation \"ensure[s] socially desirable outcomes when competition cannot be relied upon to achieve them... replacing] the invisible hand of competition with direct intervention - with a visible hand, so to speak\" (Train 1991,2). This formulation of regulatory responses implies a trade-off between regulation and competition. In cases where competition is the best method for achieving socially optimal outcomes, regulatory responses should be limited to refereeing' competitive forces - a role played by the Bureau and other facilitative regulators.18 However, where the public interest favours intervention, competition may take a secondary role to correcting market failures. Competition, as Dickson C.J. observed in General Motors, \"is not an issue of purely local concern but one of crucial importance for the national economy.\" It is a \"genre of legislation that could not practically or constitutionally be enacted by a provincial government.\" Competition law is not confined to a set group of participants in an organized trade, nor is it limited to a specific location in Canada. Rather, it is a diffuse matter that permeates the economy as a whole, as \"[t]he deleterious effects of anti-competitive practices transcend provincial boundaries.\" Anti-competitive behaviour subjected to weak standards in one province could distort the fairness of the entire Canadian market. This national dimension, as the Court observed, must be regulated federally, or not at all. Failure by one province to legislate or the absence of a uniform set of rules applicable throughout the country would render the market vulnerable.20 8 The purpose clause in the Competition Act, while stating a number of different objectives, expressly recognizes two primary stakeholders that the legislation aims to protect: consumers and small and medium-sized enterprises - see s. 1.1 of the Competition Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34). In the United States, the Supreme Court has described antitrust laws as a \"consumer welfare prescription\", see: Reiter v. Monotone Corp., 442 U.S. 330,343 (1979). In Canada, the then-Commissioner of Competition emphasized the consumer interest in the Bureau's investigation leading up to a S 12.5 million fine for a polyurethane foam price fixing cartel: \"this investigation highlights the Bureau's reinvigorated mandate to stop consumer harm caused by price-fixing\".

The Canadian Competition Bureau has recently offered new draft guidelines on the abuse of dominance that, in the area of joint dominance, depart from the existing guidelines in two ways: first, the bureau no longer considers as a potential abuse of joint dominance the adoption of practices that facilitate supra-competitive pricing in an oligopoly; second, while in the past some form of explicit coordination was required for an assessment of joint dominance, the bureau now considers parallel abusive conduct by jointly dominant firms as potentially infringing the abuse provisions. The first change, which we attribute to case law rather than to the bureau, is undesirable. The adoption of facilitating practices can lessen competition, and is practically remediable. Facilitating practices should be considered potential abuses of joint dominance. On the other hand, the second change is sensible: oligopolists may profitably adopt exclusionary practices in parallel without coordination. Parallel exclusionary practices may lessen competition even when no single firm has a dominant market share, and this problem is amenable to a practical remedy. The bureau's new approach is welcome on this front.

This essay argues that regional competition law agreements on joint enforcement and advocacy (RJCAs) hold an important potential to solve many of the enforcement problems that small and developing jurisdictions face and can provide additional benefits that go beyond such solutions. It also argues that the costs involved in such agreements are not prohibitive and that many of these costs can be overcome by structuring appropriate solutions. Accordingly, RJCAs have the potential to create Pareto superior solutions to enforcement problems relative to unilateral enforcement. The essay then broadens the analysis to the potential effects of RJCAs on non-member states. It is argued that such agreements create much lower negative externalities for non-member states and for international coordination efforts than regional trade agreements. On the contrary, they often create positive externalities for non-member jurisdictions. Accordingly, they offer important potential for strengthening competition law enforcement and should generally be encouraged. In addition, as the article shows, RJCAs can further international efforts for coordination and cooperation in competition law.

Recent research has indicated that heterosexual hegemonic practices within health care settings affect the quality of the health care received by lesbian clients, particularly with regard to access to care, depersonalized care, and medical decision making. The dominant discourses on lesbianism can be deconstructed to show how lesbians are rendered invisible by the assumption, on the part of health care workers, that women clients are heterosexual. As agents of social change, social workers have an ethical responsibility to examine practices that silence clients and create inegalitarian relations. There are several strategies social workers could adopt towards resisting and transforming heterosexist discourse and practice within health care settings. Des études récentes indiquent que les pratiques hégémoniques en matière d'hétérosexualité dans le milieu des soins de santé affectent la qualité des soins de santé reçus par les clientes lesbiennes, tout particulièrement en ce qui touche l'accès aux soins de santé, la dépersonnalisation de tels soins et la prise des décisions médicales. Les discours dominant sur le lesbianisme peuvent être déconstruits pour démontrer la façon dont les lesbiennes deviennent invisibles lorsque les professionnels des soins de santé prennent pour acquis que les clientes sont hétérosexuelles. À titre d'agents de changement social, les travailleurs sociaux ont une responsabilité éthique d'étudier les pratiques qui réduisent les clientes au silence et créent des rapports inégaux. Il existe de nombreuses stratégies que pourraient adopter les travailleurs sociaux pour résister aux discours et pratiques hétérosexistes et transformer ces derniers dans le milieu des soins de santé.

The debate on caregiving has expanded considerably in the last 20 years. Feminist writers have exposed the oppressive potential of many community care policies and have challenged the traditional conception of care. As researchers in recent years have raised many important and previously unconsidered points, the tone of the debate has become increasingly oppositional in nature. Many of these opposing views are based on false dichotomies in the conceptualization of care and do not serve to reduce the exploitation and oppression of those involved in caring relationships. With their vital role in the area of caregiving, social workers must look beyond the competing interests of those involved to recognize the interdependent and complex nature of care. Depuis une vingtaine d'années, la discussion relative aux soins s'est considérablement élargie. Les au teures féministes ont exposé l'oppression potentielle de plusieurs politiques communautaires axées sur les soins et ont remis en question la perception traditionnelle des soins. Au cours des récentes années, la recherche a soulevé plusieurs points importants auxquels on n'avait précédemment pas songé, et le ton de la discussion fait progressivement place à l'opposition. Plusieurs de ces vues opposées se fondent sur de fausses dichotomies rattachées à la conceptualisation des soins, et elles ne servent aucunement à réduire l'exploitation et l'oppression des personnes qui participent à des relations basées sur les soins. Compte tenu du rôle vital qu'ils jouent dans le domaine des soins, les travailleurs sociaux doivent regarder au-delà des intérêts concurrentiels des participants et reconnaître la nature interdépendante et complexe des soins.