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The competitive characteristics and training requirements of each event group that can dominate the category of difficult and beautiful performance of technical warfare have multi-dimensional similarities. From the aspects of competition characteristics, determinants of sports performance, structural characteristics of competitive ability, and training requirements, it analyses the antagonistic event group that can dominate the class of technical warfare, and puts forward corresponding training requirements. The development of computer simulation technology of human body system will undoubtedly bring unprecedented opportunities to sports training and sports science research, and is changing the mode of sports science research and training. The article uses the confrontation network to conduct competitive sports simulation training, which can carry out the scientific selection of competitive sports athletes, improve the overall training level and effect of competitive sports athletes, optimize, and innovate the technical movement and movement combination arrangement of competitive sports, and can truly construct competitive sports training scenes.

This article explores \"determining gender,\" the umbrella term for social practices of placing others in gender categories. We draw on three case studies showcasing moments of conflict over who counts as a man and who counts as a woman: public debates over the expansion of transgender employment rights, policies determining eligibility of transgender people for competitive sports, and proposals to remove the genital surgery requirement for a change of sex marker on birth certificates. We show that criteria for determining gender differ across social spaces. Gender-integrated spaces are more likely to use identitybased criteria, while gender-segregated spaces, like the sexual spaces we have previously examined (Schilt and Westbrook 2009), are more likely to use biology-based criteria. In addition, because of beliefs that women are inherently vulnerable and men are dangerous, \"men's\" and \"women's\" spaces are not policed equally—making access to women's spaces central to debates over transgender rights.

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a genetic disorder marked by a characteristic electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern of ST-segment elevation and T-wave inversion in right precordial leads, which is associated with an increased risk of ventricular fibrillation in the absence of structural heart disease. Despite advancements in understanding its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment, there is considerable variability in how sports cardiologists approach BrS. This expert opinion by the Italian Society of Sports Cardiology (SICSPORT) aim to review the current definition, diagnosis, epidemiology, genetics, risk stratification, and treatment of BrS and provide guidance for sport eligibility provides guidance for sports doctors and cardiologists in assessing competitive sports eligibility in athletes with BrS. A multiparametric approach to diagnosis and risk stratification is recommended, noting that the presence of a Brugada ECG pattern (BrP) does not confirm a BrS diagnosis. The risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is low in asymptomatic individuals with type 1 BrP, especially those with a drug-induced pattern. Pharmacological testing is not required for type 2 or 3 patterns without other risk factors. Low-risk individuals do not require therapy, while intermediate or high-risk patients may need pharmacological treatment, ICD implantation, or ablation. Asymptomatic individuals with type 2 or 3 BrP, no family history of SCD, and no other risk factors may be eligible for competitive sports, as well as asymptomatic type 1 BrP without risk factors and negative electrophysiological study. Conversely, sports eligibility should be denied in patients with BrS who have a history of syncope or cardiac arrest (high-risk subjects), regardless of ICD presence.

Self-confidence is a common research topic, and most applied textbooks include interventions designed to enhance athlete confidence. Our purpose was to quantify the self-confidence and sport performance literature using meta-analytic techniques. We also examined potential risk of bias indicators, and the moderation effects of study quality, sport characteristics, timing of confidence measurement, and individual differences among participants. Following a review of two past meta-analyses, a systematic search of APA PsycArticles, ERIC, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsychINFO, and SPORTDiscus within the EBSCOhost platform, and some hand searching, 41 articles published between 1986 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria. Collectively, the included studies investigated 3711 athletes from 15 countries across 24 sports. The overall random effects estimate of the relationship (expressed as r) between self-confidence and performance was 0.25 (95% CI 0.19, 0.30), with little evidence of publication bias. The summed total risk of the individual study bias score did not moderate the confidence–performance relationship, whereas significant moderator effects emerged for individual sports (0.29) compared with team sports (0.14), objective (0.29) compared to subjective (0.14) performance measures, and 100% male (0.35) compared to 100% female (0.07) samples. In conclusion, the confidence–performance relationship is small in magnitude, nearly free of bias, and moderated by sport type, performance objectivity, and athlete sex.

SARS-CoV-2, identified in Wuhan, China, for the first time in December 2019, is a new viral strain, which has not been previously identified in humans; it can be transmitted both by air and via direct and indirect contact; however, the most frequent way it spreads is via droplets. Like the other viruses belonging to the same family of coronaviruses, it can cause from mild flu-like symptoms, such as cold, sore throat, cough and fever, to more severe ones such as pneumonia and breathing difficulties, and it can even lead to death. Since no effective specific drug therapy has been found yet, nor any vaccine capable of limiting the spread of this pathogen, it is important for ways of preventing the spread of this infection to be established. The purpose of our research was to provide a protocol to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in light of the limited information related to this coronavirus. In detail, we analysed and searched targeted evidence-based guidelines issued in the various countries affected by this epidemic up till now. In addition, we analyzed the recommendations for the prevention and control of other epidemics caused by other pathogens belonging to the same family of coronaviruses or others that present the same mechanisms of transmission. General organizational measures regarding the containment and management of the epidemiological emergency of COVID-19 have been imposed by the competent authorities for an adequate and proportionate management of the evolution of the epidemiological situation. The prevention and protection organizational measures therefore aim to minimize the probability of being exposed to SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, measures must also be taken at work to avoid new infections or even the spread of the virus where it has already been present. Furthermore, environmental measures are aimed at reducing the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to individuals through contact with infected subjects, objects, equipment, or contaminated environmental surfaces. Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment. By adopting this specific prevention and protection measures recommended in the workplace, it will be possible to help overcome this COVID-19 pandemic.

Traditional training load management methods in competitive sports rely heavily on subjective assessments and standardized protocols, often failing to account for individual physiological variations and dynamic adaptation responses. This research proposes a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework for personalized training load optimization that integrates real-time physiological monitoring, individual athlete characteristics, and adaptive decision-making algorithms. The proposed system employs a hybrid neural network architecture combining multilayer perceptrons and convolutional neural networks to process heterogeneous physiological data and generate training prescriptions. Empirical validation across multiple sports disciplines including track and field, swimming, and ball sports, with ethical approval (IRB: DU-IRB-2023-001), shows performance improvements averaging 12.3% (95% CI: 10.1–14.5%, p  < 0.001) compared to traditional periodization-based methods as measured by sport-specific performance tests using independent samples t-tests, with injury rate reductions of 43% and training efficiency enhancements ranging from 1.15 to 1.42 times conventional approaches. The system maintains operational reliability with 99.7% availability and sub-2-second response times in tested environments. Cost-benefit analysis reveals favorable return on investment for professional teams achieving payback periods of 8–12 months. The research establishes theoretical foundations through mathematical modeling of personalized training load relationships and fatigue-recovery dynamics. Important limitations include cold-start periods requiring 2–4 weeks of data accumulation before optimal performance, high implementation costs ($50,000-200,000), technical infrastructure requirements, and validation primarily conducted in well-resourced competitive environments with predominantly male Asian athletes (72% male, mean age 23.1 ± 3.2 years). This adaptive training load control system suggests potential applications for evidence-based personalized athletic training optimization in competitive sports settings with adequate resources and technical support.

Background Regardless of competitive athletes’ body image pressures, only few studies have focused on adolescent sport participants’ body image and the findings are inconclusive. Furthermore, the role of competitive goals in sports on adolescents’ body size perception has not been studied. We examined the factors associated with adolescents’ competitive goals in sports and body size perception, and the associations between adolescents’ competitive goals in sports and body size perception. Methods The cross-sectional study consisted of 475 goal-oriented sports club participants and 936 reference youths (aged 14–16 years). The study questionnaire included multiple choice items on health behaviours, motives to exercise, competitive goals in sports and body size perception. The multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the associations. Results Adolescents with competitive goals in sports perceived their body size as about the right size more frequently than reference youths (68% vs 47%, p  < 0.001 in girls; 74% vs 61%, p  < 0.001 in boys). More than one-fourth of girls with competitive goals in sports perceived themselves as overweight, although only 7% of them were overweight. Adolescents with appearance/weight motives to exercise and poor perceived physical fitness had higher odds of perceived fatness. Additionally, BMI was positively associated with perceived fatness and negatively with perceived thinness. Having competitive goals in sports was not independently associated with perceived fatness or perceived thinness. Conclusions Adolescents’ BMI, appearance/weight motives to exercise, and perceived physical fitness were more strongly associated with body size perception than their competitive goals in sports. However, perceived fatness among girls with competitive goals in sports should be considered in organized sports.

The objective of this paper is to present the case of a healthy, 19-year-old female collegiate soccer player who developed acute pulmonary edema and acute heart failure in the recovery room after hip labral arthroscopic surgery. The patient's initial diagnosis, of negative pressure pulmonary edema in direct relation to extubation, was questioned when she became hemodynamically unstable. A cardiac biopsy revealed acute pulmonary edema and heart failure secondary to viral myocarditis. The patient was treated and discharged 10 days after admission. Specific and substantiated return-to-play guidelines after a cardiac event, specifically viral myocarditis, have been sparse. The interprofessional collaboration between athletic trainers and cardiologists is a key dynamic in the clinical decision-making process of a safe return to competitive athletic participation after a cardiac event.

The relationship between self-efficacy and performance exclusively within the sports environment is yet to be quantified. Hence, we meta-analysed this relationship by following the PRISMA guidelines. Two previous meta-analyses, five relevant databases, and Google Scholar were searched. Forty-four articles published between 1983 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria, with 55 independent samples. Comprehensive meta-analysis software version 4 was used for all meta-analytic calculations using a random-effects model to calculate the mean effect size, and a mixed-effects model was used for moderation analyses. The mean pre-event self-efficacy and performance effect size was r = 0.31 (95% CI 0.22, 0.40). For moderation analyses, notable mean differences (p values ≥ 0.08) resulted for concordance [concordant (r = 0.37), nonconcordant (r = 0.22)], sports skill [closed (r = 0.37), open (r = 0.23)], and athlete level [elite (r = 0.40), sub-elite (r = 0.28)]. The true effect prediction interval ranged from negative (i.e., self-efficacy impairing performance) to positive (self-efficacy improving performance) for all moderator variables except self-referenced vs. other-referenced performance. In conclusion, the relationship between pre-event self-efficacy and performance is positive and moderate in magnitude, although with prediction intervals ranging from debilitating to facilitating performance. Researchers and practitioners should note that high athlete-rated self-efficacy might not always improve impending competitive sports performance.

This study aimed at examining the reliability and validity of the Adverse Competition-related Cognitions Questionnaire (ACCQ) in an English-speaking sample of athletes. The ACCQ is a performance-focused measure that captures six different areas of adverse competition-related cognitions– athletic comparison, coach devaluation, devaluation of one’s own performance, appreciation by coach and family, inner resistance against competitions, and general exhaustion. Data from 278 athletes ( M age = 27.64, age range = 16–68 years) from different sports were collected and subjected to confirmatory factor analysis, which confirmed the 6-factor solution of the translated ACCQ (CFI = 0.915; RMSEA = 0.056). In addition, the different subscales of the ACCQ showed sufficient internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.60). Furthermore, we examined the relationships with cognitive interference, satisfaction in three different domains (i.e., general in life, sporting development, and athletic performance) and athletes’ subjective performance evaluations (i.e., performance and peak performance in the previous season and confidence in achieving their goals in the upcoming season). Results indicated positive correlations with athletes’ cognitive interference (i.e., construct validity in terms of a nomological network), low negative relations with athletes’ satisfaction in the three different domains and with the three parameters of subjective performance evaluation (i.e., concurrent validity). Implications of these findings and perspectives for future research are discussed.