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"Complete dentures"
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Assessment of Conventionally and Digitally Fabricated Complete Dentures: A Comprehensive Review
CAD/CAM technology is gaining popularity and replacing archaic conventional procedures for fabricating dentures. CAD/CAM supports using a digital workflow reduce the number of visits, chair time, and laboratory time, making it attractive to patients. This study aimed to provide a comparative review of complete dentures manufactured using CAD/CAM and conventional methods. The PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies published in English within the last 11 years (from 2011 to 2021). The keywords used were “computer-engineered complete dentures”, “CAD/CAM complete dentures”, “computer-aided engineering complete dentures”, and “digital complete dentures”. The search yielded 102 articles. Eighteen relevant articles were included in this review. Overall, computer-engineered complete dentures have several advantages over conventional dentures. Patients reported greater satisfaction with computer-engineered complete dentures (CECDs) due to better fit, reduced chair time, shorter appointments, and fewer post-insertion visits. CAD/CAM allows for precision and reproducibility with fewer procedures compared to conventional dentures. Polymethyl methacrylate is used as the denture base material for conventional dentures. For CECDs, the resin can be modified and cross-linked to improve its mechanical properties. The advantages of CECDs include a reduced number of appointments, saving chairside time, a digital workflow allowing easy reproducibility and greater patient satisfaction with a better fit.
Journal Article
Intraoral scanning to fabricate complete dentures with functional borders: a proof-of-concept case report
Background
The utilization of intraoral scanning for manufacturing of complete dentures (CD) has been reported recently. However, functional border molding still cannot be supported digitally. A proof-of-concept trial shows two possible pathways to overcome this limitation by integrating a relining procedure into the digital workflow for CD manufacturing.
Case presentation
Intraoral scans and additional facial scans were performed with two various scanning systems for the rehabilitation of an edentulous male patient. The obtained raw data was aligned and used for the computer aided design (CAD) of the CD. The virtually constructed dentures were materialized in two various ways, considering rapid manufacturing and digital relining approaches in order to apply functionally molded borders.
Conclusion
The use of intraoral edentulous jaws scans in combination with the digital relining procedure may allow for fabrication of CD with functional borders within a fully digital workflow.
Journal Article
Retention of 3D-printed versus conventional metal-reinforced acrylic mandibular denture bases: a comparative study
Objective
To evaluate the retention of complete mandibular dentures produced via 3D-printing in comparison to those constructed from metal-reinforced acrylic resin regarding their retention.
Materials and methods
This in vivo study involved the selection of twenty patients who were completely edentulous from the outpatient clinic of the Removable Prosthodontics Department at Misr University of Science and Technology. The participants were divided into two groups, each containing an equal number of patients; the first group received complete dentures produced via 3D printing technology. For the second patient group, metal-reinforced acrylic resin was used to make mandibular dentures, while conventional maxillary dentures were constructed. The evaluation of retention was carried out for both groups.
Results
A study of various types of dentures revealed that 3D-printed dentures exhibited a statistically significant improvement in retention (
P
< 0.05) relative to acrylic resin dentures that were reinforced with metal. Moreover, pairwise comparisons revealed significant increases in mean retention values at the one-month and three-month follow-up assessments.
Conclusion
The results of this clinical study led to the following conclusions: Compared to complete denture bases manufactured via conventional manufacturing techniques, those fabricated via 3D-printing offer superior fit and retention. The retention of dentures, irrespective of their type, tends to improve over time.
Journal Article
3D printed complete removable dental prostheses: a narrative review
Background
The purpose of this paper is to review the available literature on three-dimensionally printed complete dentures in terms of novel biomaterials, fabrication techniques and workflow, clinical performance and patient satisfaction.
Methods
The methodology included applying a search strategy, defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, selecting studies and forming tables to summarize the results. Searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases were performed independently by two reviewers to gather literature published between 2010 and 2020.
Results
A total of 126 titles were obtained from the electronic database, and the application of exclusion criteria resulted in the identification of 21 articles pertaining to printed technology for complete dentures. Current innovations and developments in digital dentistry have successfully led to the fabrication of removable dental prostheses using CAD/CAM technologies. Milled dentures have been studied more than 3D printed ones in the currently available literature. The limited number of clinical studies, mainly case reports, suggest current indications of 3D printing in denture fabrication process to be custom tray, record bases, trial, interim or immediate dentures but not definitive prostheses fabrication. Limitations include poor esthetics and retention, inability to balance occlusion and low printer resolution.
Conclusions
Initial studies on digital dentures have shown promising short-term clinical performance, positive patient-related results and reasonable cost-effectiveness. 3D printing has potential to modernize and streamline the denture fabrication techniques, materials and workflows. However, more research is required on the existing and developing materials and printers to allow for advancement and increase its application in removable prosthodontics.
Journal Article
Impact of a removable prosthesis on chewing ability, quality of life, and patient satisfaction
This study aimed to investigate the effects of removable prostheses on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), the effects of removable prostheses on chewing ability and the effects of prosthesis type (Removable partial denture RPD versus complete denture CD) and sociodemographic factors on both chewing ability and OHRQoL. Data from 90 participants were collected using a questionnaire. Chewing ability and OHRQoL were assessed before and after treatment through questionnaires. A two-tailed α of 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals were applied to identify statistically significant results in this survey. Differences between the RPD and CD treatment groups in terms of demographic variables (gender, age, income, education level, smoking status, medical history, and social connections) and previous denture experience were analysed using the Mann‒Whitney U test. Participants with RPD or CD demonstrated significant improvements in chewing ability and OHRQoL post-treatment (
p
< 0.05), except for females in the RPD group, who showed no significant changes. Compared with the CD group, the RPD group had significantly better chewing ability both before (
p
< 0.001) and after (
p
= 0.027) treatment. The RPD group also reported better outcomes in many aspects, including less jaw pain, greater comfort while eating, and improved denture stability (
p
< 0.05). Stepwise regression revealed that higher income and smoking were associated with better pre-treatment outcomes, whereas having multiple dentures and smoking predicted worse post-treatment chewing scores. Notably, higher post-treatment chewing scores were associated with improved OHRQoL. Both the RPD and CD groups reported improved chewing ability and OHRQoL, with RPD resulting in superior functional outcomes. Sociodemographic factors such as income, sex, age, and smoking habits influenced the results both before and after treatment. These findings highlight the importance of individualised patient assessment and support the clinical value of RPDs in partially edentulous patients.
Journal Article
Three dimensional analysis on the deformation of the master cast during maxillary complete denture fabrication
This study aimed to assess the changes in maxillary master casts that occur during complete denture fabrication, focusing on a compression molded denture. Digital merging techniques were used to measure the changes in 12 maxillary master casts at various fabrication stages. Measurements were performed from master cast formation to teeth arrangement using scanable ball markers and digital overlay techniques. The changes observed in the master cast were categorized as follows: S12 for the alterations from cast fabrication to occlusal rim formation, S23 for the alterations from recording jaw relations to teeth arrangement, and S13 for the overall changes throughout the entire fabrication process. The posterior seal area exhibited the most significant changes, until the jaw relation stage (S12). Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in changes among anatomical areas at different fabrication stages. These findings underscore the importance of considering alterations in the master cast during denture fabrication, when using traditional methods. Traditional techniques, such as the flask-pack-press, can induce substantial alterations in areas critical for denture retention and stability. This study highlights the need for a comprehensive assessment of fabrication processes to enhance denture quality and patient satisfaction. It provides valuable insights into master cast alterations that occur during complete denture fabrication. Efforts to minimize deformations in master casts are essential for improving patient satisfaction and oral health outcomes.
Journal Article
Denture care attitudes, hygiene levels and oral mucosal lesions in complete denture wearers from a single-institution cross‐sectional study
This study investigated denture care attitudes, dental visit habits, oral mucosal lesions, and hygiene levels in 118 complete denture users treated at a university dentistry faculty. Data on demographics, smoking, denture use duration, dentist visits, and hygiene habits were collected via a questionnaire. A specialist examined mucosal lesions and assessed denture hygiene level using the Budtz-Jorgensen and Bertram method. Categorical data were analyzed with Yates’s correction, Pearson’s chi-square, and Fisher–Freeman–Halton tests; multiple comparisons used the Bonferroni Corrected Z Test. Participants’ mean age was 51.61. Most were non-smokers (55.1%), visited dentists only for complaints (44.9%), cleaned dentures daily (70.3%), and removed them at night (56.8%). Good hygiene was observed in 40.68%. Females cleaned dentures more frequently than males, and 96.3% of those with poor hygiene reported bad denture odor. This study revealed significant deficiencies in denture care habits and inadequate hygiene practices of participants in a university dentistry faculty clinic. Most participants visited dentists only for complaints and had bad habits such as sleeping with their dentures at night and using inappropriate denture hygiene habits. Promoting proper denture hygiene habits and emphasizing the importance of regular dental visits can contribute to better oral health.
Journal Article
Clinical and microbial study of reinforced 3D-printed maxillary denture base resin: a randomized trial
Statement of problem
The 3D-printed denture base resin needed reinforcement.
Purpose
To evaluate the effects of adding nano ZrO2 and nano TiO2 on microbial colonization and patient satisfaction with 3D-printed maxillary complete dentures.
Materials and methods
Twenty-four patients who needed complete dentures were randomly distributed into three equal groups. Group I: Patients used maxillary complete dentures 3D printed without the addition of any additives. Group II: Patients used maxillary complete dentures 3D after reinforcement by Nano-ZrO
2
(0.4%) by weight. Group III: Patients used maxillary complete dentures 3D printed after reinforcement by Nano-TiO
2
(0.4%) by weight. For microbial evaluation, a cotton swab was taken from the mucosa of the palate and the intaglio surface of maxillary dentures, and microbial colonization was evaluated by calculating the number of colony-forming units of
S. aureus on
mannitol salt agar plates and
C. albicans
on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar plates after 48 h of incubation at insertion, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. Patient satisfaction was evaluated 15 days after insertion and at 6, 12, and 18 months. The values of microbial colonization and patient satisfaction were analyzed via repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test.
Results
No
significant differences in microbial colonization were detected among the three groups concerning Staphylococcus aureus
in the palatal mucosa. There was a significant difference between Group I, the lowest antimicrobial group, and the other groups, while between Groups II and III, there was no significant difference
in the number of S. aureus
on the fitting surface of the denture. There were significant differences between Group II, the highest antifungal group, and the other groups at 12 and 18 months
concerning Candida albicans
in the palate and in the dentures. There was a significant difference in patient satisfaction between Group I, the lowest, and the other groups, whereas there was no significant difference between Groups II and III.
Conclusion
Compared with the other groups, the nano-ZrO
2
group presented greater antimicrobial effects until 18 months, whereas the nano-TiO2 group presented antibacterial effects until 18 months and antifungal effects until 6 months. The addition of nano-ZrO
2
and nano-TiO
2
to 3D-printed denture base resin improved the aesthetic, speech, masticatory efficiency, hygiene, and comfort of patients.
Trial registration
The trial was registered in the Clinical Trials Registry under the number NCT06921577 on 10/04/2025 (retrospective registration).
Journal Article