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This paper shows the results of a dose-response study in Scaptotrigona bipunctata bees, Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) exposed to the insecticide Fastac Duo. The aim was to evaluate the lethal concentration that causes the death of 50% of bees (LC50) and investigate the odd of mortality after exposure to different concentrations, using the logistic regression model under the Bayesian approach. In this approach, it is possible to incorporate a prior information and gives more accurate inferential results. Three independent dose-response experiments were analyzed, dissimilar in their lead time according to guidelines from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in which each assay contained four replicates at the concentration levels investigated, including control. Observing exposure to the agrochemical, it was identified that the higher the concentration, the greater the odd of mortality. Regarding the estimated lethal concentrations for each experiment, the following values were found, 0.03 g a.i. L-1, for 24 hours, 0.04 g a.i. L-1, for 48 hours and 0.06 g a.i. L-1 for 72 hours, showing that in experiments with longer exposure times there was an increase in LC50. Concluding, the study showed an alternative approach to classical methods for dose-response studies in Scaptotrigona bipunctata bees exposed to the insecticide Fastac Duo.

The past decade has seen rapid advances in the development of new methods for the design and analysis of split-plot experiments. Unfortunately, the value of these designs for industrial experimentation has not been fully appreciated. In this paper, we review recent developments and provide guidelines for the use of split-plot designs in industrial applications.

The ST 37 Steel ordinarily has good tensile strength, hence, the purpose is generally used for the building frame. An electric arc welding is one of the welding methods of joining the metal by means of an electric arc flame which is directed to the metal surface to be joined. The research conducted using factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in the Design Of Experimental method. The aim of this observation is to investigate the influence of independent variables on the dependent variable, whether the types of cooling (X1), types of groove welding (X2) and welding currents (X3) affect to distortion of welding (Y) on the st 37 steel joints. The significant data are indicated by the normal plot distribution in which the significant factors (A, C, AC, BC, and ABC) influenced the response. The A factor is the type of cooling, C factor is welding currents, AC factor is a combination of cooling types and welding currents, BC factor is combination factor between types of groove welding and welding currents, and ABC factor is combination factor of cooling types, groove welding types and welding currents. Based on the regression model reached the value of RSquare is 75.99%, which means the A, C, AC, BC, and ABC factor represent the influence on the distortion of welding at that value. While the rest of 24.01% is described by other factors

Eggs are good sources of nutrients essential for the growth and development of infants. Introducing eggs as a weaning food can improve dietary adequacy in infants at risk for protein energy malnutrition (PEM). To evaluate the current objective, 72 pups (36 males and 36 females) were used to calculate the impact of various egg protein levels on blood parameters. Nonisonitrogenous and isocaloric pellet diets were offered to pups for 28 days using nine pups with three replicates according to a completely randomized design (CRD). The water intake and ad libitum diet were offered to weaned pups. The pups were randomly assigned to different concentrations of diet, which contained WF0, control diet, 14% of soybean protein; WF1, 14% of egg protein; WF2, 16% of egg protein; and WF3, 18% of egg protein, respectively. After weaning, the intraperitoneal injection with the drug (xylazine with ketamine) was used to anesthetize before killing on the 28th day. Blood samples were used to measure the blood metabolites. The results indicated that the concentration of red blood cells, white blood cells, serum triglycerides, and serum protein was significantly (p ≤ .05) increased in pups fed with high egg protein levels compared to the control. The highest platelet count was observed in the pups fed WF3 diet. In contrast, the amount of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase was significantly (p ≤ .05) reduced with increasing the level of egg protein in the diets of weaned pups. Immunity biomarkers (immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin M) and kidney functions (creatinine and blood urine nitrogen) were nonsignificantly (p ≤ .05) increased in the pups fed a high level of protein due to a high biological value of soybean protein. Moreover, the concentration of immunoglobulin E in all pups remained unchanged. Egg protein in infant formula feed can be used for the growth and development of infants. Nonisonitrogenous and isocaloric diets.

The Selasa Panam Market is a traditional market where there are many piles of garbage around the market area. This pile of garbage can cause environmental pollution which causes unpleasant odors. This study aims to manufacture liquid organic fertilizer made from market waste by adding EM4, Yeast, and Whey Kefir, testing the nutrient content of N, P, K in liquid organic fertilizer, analyzing the economic techno of liquid organic fertilizer based on HPP and BEP. This research using a completely randomized design method is used to determine the treatment of making liquid organic fertilizer and variable costs to calculate the cost of production (HPP). Then the BEP method to determine when the break-even point will be reached. Success has been made in the manufacture of liquid organic fertilizers made from market waste giving EM4, Yeast, and Whey Kefir bacteria. N, P, K nutrient content test results obtained sample C has the best results with N values of 0.4129%, P 0.1223%, and K 0.2101%. HPP on organic fertilizer obtained was Rp. 5,222 / liter and BEP obtained as much as 321 liters for a year so that the BEP can be reached within 71 days. With this research can be found knowledge about the use of market waste as an ingredient for making liquid fertilizer and making products that can be used by others.

Standard tests of the \"no-treatment-effect\" hypothesis for a comparative experiment include permutation tests, the Wilcoxon rank sum test, two-sample t tests, and Fisher-type randomization tests. Practitioners are aware that these procedures test different no-effect hypotheses and are based on different modeling assumptions. However, this awareness is not always, or even usually, accompanied by a clear understanding or appreciation of these differences. Borrowing from the rich literatures on causality and finite-population sampling theory, this paper develops a modeling framework that affords answers to several important questions, including: exactly what hypothesis is being tested, what model assumptions are being made, and are there other, perhaps better, approaches to testing a no-effect hypothesis? The framework lends itself to clear descriptions of three main inference approaches: process-based, randomization-based, and selection-based. It also promotes careful consideration of model assumptions and targets of inference, and highlights the importance of randomization. Along the way, Fisher-type randomization tests are compared to permutation tests and a less well-known Neyman-type randomization test. A simulation study compares the operating characteristics of the Neyman-type randomization test to those of the other more familiar tests.

The marketing experiment is a deliberate, \"challenged\", simulated small-scale, and relatively artificial, marketing phenomenon to highlight how its evolution is influenced by one or more causal factors. The design of the marketing experiment represents the process of anticipated structuring, by means of a statistical model or a schematic representation, of the various combinations of the analyzed variables, combinations constituting the experimental treatments envisaged to be applied to groups of experimental units. The paper presents the way of organizing a marketing experiment based on the completely random method, followed by the example of the procedure for analysis and interpretation of the data obtained using the ANOVA method. The variation table summarizing the results of the dispersal analysis allows to highlight the marketing stimuli that have had a significant influence on the evolution of the dependent variable.

The extended use of acrylic bone cements (ABC) in orthopedics presents some disadvantages related to the generation of high temperatures during methyl methacrylate polymerization, thermal tissue necrosis, and low mechanical properties. Both weaknesses cause an increase in costs for the health system and a decrease in the patient’s quality of life due to the prosthesis’s loosening. Materials such as graphene oxide (GO) have a reinforcing effect on ABC’s mechanical and setting properties. This article shows for the first time the interactions present between the factors sonication time and GO percentage in the liquid phase, together with the percentage of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) in the solid phase, on the mechanical and setting properties established for cements in the ISO 5833-02 standard. Optimization of the factors using a completely randomized experimental design with a factorial structure resulted in selecting nine combinations that presented an increase in compression, flexion, and the setting time and decreased the maximum temperature reached during the polymerization. All of these characteristics are desirable for improving the clinical performance of cement. Those containing 0.3 wt.% of GO were highlighted from the selected formulations because all the possible combinations of the studied factors generate desirable properties for the ABC.

This paper develops a new design that relies on subjective judgment ranking to compare subsets of experimental units. This judgment ranking is used along with restricted randomization to improve statistical inference for the contrast between two levels of a treatment. The new design assigns the judgment ranked units in a subset to different treatments. Such an assignment translates the positive dependence among units within each subset into negative dependence for the estimators of treatment means, and hence leads to a reduction in variance for the contrast. For the proposed design, a test for the difference in means of two treatment levels is developed along with an associated confidence interval. It is shown that the null distribution of the proposed test is approximated reasonably well with the Student's t-distribution for sample sizes as small as 6. A simulation study indicates that the proposed design is advantageous compared to its competitors in the literature for both high and low quality rankings. The new design's advantage increases with the quality of rankings.

This chapter discusses several of the commonly used experimental designs and their statistical analyses. The principles of experimental design and methods of statistical analysis of experimental results considered in the chapter are commonly referred to as analysis of variance methods. The chapter first discusses one‐way experimental designs and completely randomized designs. It then focuses on randomized complete block (RCB) designs in which people have one factor of prime interest, while the other factor is referred to blocks. In RCB designs, the blocks are used to eliminate the effects of a nuisance variable, and it may be that our only interest in studying block effects is to find out whether the creation of blocks was justified. The chapter also considers two‐way experimental layouts also called two‐way factorial experimental designs. It further explains how to analyze data coming out of experiments with fixed, random, or mixed effects.