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"Complexity theory"
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Antifragile : things that gain from disorder
\"The acclaimed author of the influential bestseller The Black Swan, Nicholas Nassim Taleb takes a next big step with a deceptively simple concept: the \"antifragile.\" Like the Greek hydra that grows two heads for each one it loses, people, systems, and institutions that are antifragile not only withstand shocks, they benefit from them. In a modern world dominated by chaos and uncertainty, Antifragile is a revolutionary vision from one of the most subversive and important thinkers of our time. Praise for Nicholas Nassim Taleb \"[This] is the lesson of Taleb. and also the lesson of our volatile times. There is more courage and heroism in defying the human impulse, in taking the purposeful and painful steps to prepare for the unimaginable.\"--Malcolm Gladwell, author of The Tipping Point \"[Taleb writes] in a style that owes as much to Stephen Colbert as it does to Michel de Montaigne.\"--The Wall Street Journal \"The most prophetic voice of all. [Taleb is] a genuinely significant philosopher. someone who is able to change the way we view the structure of the world through the strength, originality and veracity of his ideas alone.\"--GQ \"Changed my view of how the world works.\"--Daniel Kahneman, Nobel laureate\"-- Provided by publisher.
Responding to a complex world
This article discusses three aspects in relation to Complexity Theory. First, from an understanding of time and space specificities in the rise of theories, it discusses the wider socio-political reasons that may account for the rise of complexity theory and its interest for planners today. The rise of the third sector in governance, the decentralisation of the nation state, the rise of informality, the exponential rise of information and knowledge in every sphere of human and non-human activity and the rise of new normative ideologies are argued to provide the social context for interest in complexity theory. Second, this article positions complexity theory within general social science theories and argues that complexity theory best suits the second-order realm of social science theorisation. Third, this article positions complexity theory within planning theory and suggests that complexity theorists within planning might engage with the theory in three ways. These are by suggesting new ways of ordering of society and space by configuring or re-configuring planning systems in the first order, unravelling new opportunities for actors to work in society and space with largely self-organised entities and finally by searching for and discovering new dynamics for systems in the first order in society and space.
Journal Article
Turing's legacy : developments from Turing's ideas in logic
\"Alan Turing was an inspirational figure who is now recognised as a genius of modern mathematics. In addition to leading the Allied forces' code-breaking effort at Bletchley Park in World War II, he proposed the theoretical foundations of modern computing and anticipated developments in areas from information theory to computer chess. His ideas have been extraordinarily influential in modern mathematics and this book traces such developments by bringing together essays by leading experts in logic, artificial intelligence, computability theory and related areas. Together, they give insight into this fascinating man, the development of modern logic, and the history of ideas. The articles within cover a diverse selection of topics, such as the development of formal proof, differing views on the Church-Turing thesis, the development of combinatorial group theory, and Turing's work on randomness which foresaw the ideas of algorithmic randomness that would emerge many years later\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Almost global problems in the LOCAL model
The landscape of the distributed time complexity is nowadays well-understood for subpolynomial complexities. When we look at deterministic algorithms in the LOCAL model and locally checkable problems (LCLs) in bounded-degree graphs, the following picture emerges:There are lots of problems with time complexities of Θ(log∗n) or Θ(logn).It is not possible to have a problem with complexity between ω(log∗n) and o(logn).In general graphs, we can construct LCL problems with infinitely many complexities between ω(logn) and no(1).In trees, problems with such complexities do not exist. However, the high end of the complexity spectrum was left open by prior work. In general graphs there are LCL problems with complexities of the form Θ(nα) for any rational 0<α≤1/2, while for trees only complexities of the form Θ(n1/k) are known. No LCL problem with complexity between ω(n) and o(n) is known, and neither are there results that would show that such problems do not exist. We show that:In general graphs, we can construct LCL problems with infinitely many complexities between ω(n) and o(n).In trees, problems with such complexities do not exist. Put otherwise, we show that any LCL with a complexity o(n) can be solved in time O(n) in trees, while the same is not true in general graphs.
Journal Article
Unpacking the relation between learning orientation and product innovation: Does strategic flexibility matter?
Learning orientation emphasizes the importance of learning from any experience. It is grounded on commitment to learn, shared vision, open‐mindedness, and knowledge sharing. Organizational knowledge management literature based on social complexity theory posits that learning orientation makes companies generate new knowledge through spontaneous multi-level iterations and self-organization. Challenges related to the current business environment requires companies to constantly adjust to remain competitive. Still, the mechanisms making learning-oriented companies more capable to develop innovative product have been scantly explored. Pertinent literature actually conjectures this relationship as spontaneous, directed, and unmediated. Moreover, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)rarely represent the context of analysis of research on this topic. Frequently lacking resources to systematically pursue product innovation, SMEs rely on solutions deriving from the combination of internal knowledge and external sources; thus, these companies depend on learning orientation principles to remain innovative. In this vein, the research aims to understand how learning orientation allows product innovation in SMEs through the achievement of strategic flexibility. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse data from 300 British SMEs. The results demonstrate the mediating role of strategic flexibility in the relationships between learning orientation and product innovation. The importance of innovation culture also emerged.
Journal Article
Subclasses of Ptime Interpreted by Programming Languages
We consider the cons-free programming language of Neil Jones, a simple pure functional language, which decides exactly the polynomial-time relations and whose tail recursive fragment decides exactly the logarithmic-space relations. We exhibit a close relationship between the running time of cons-free programs and the running time of logspace-bounded auxiliary pushdown automata. As a consequence, we characterize intermediate classes like NC in terms of resource-bounded cons-free computation. In so doing, we provide the first “machine-free” characterizations of certain complexity classes, like P-uniform NC. Furthermore, we show strong polynomial lower bounds on cons-free running time. Namely, for every polynomial p, we exhibit a relation R ∈Ptime such that any cons-free program deciding R must take time at least p almost everywhere. Our methods use a “subrecursive version” of Blum complexity theory, and raise the possibility of further applications of this technology to the study of the fine structure of Ptime.
Journal Article
Perspective: Acknowledging complexity to advance the understanding of developmental coordination disorder
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder known for primary symptoms of motor learning and execution difficulties. Recent research has consistently suggested DCD symptoms span broadly beyond motor difficulties, yet a majority of research and practice approaches the investigation, diagnosis, and treatment of DCD with a reductionist framework. Therefore, this paper suggests the paradigm of complexity theory as a means for better conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of DCD. First, the perspective of complexity theory and its relevance to DCD is described. Then, examples from recent research which attempt to acknowledge and capture the complex nature of DCD are highlighted. Finally, suggestions for considering and measuring complexity of DCD in future research and practice are provided. Overall, the perspective of complexity can propel the research forward and improve the understanding of DCD relevant to assessment and treatment. The complexity paradigm is highly relevant to describing the evolving and multidimensional picture of DCD, understanding heterogeneous symptom profiles, making connections to interconnected secondary symptoms, and beyond.
Journal Article
A solution to the only one object problem with dissolution rules
In the framework of membrane computing, (non-)uniform families of recognizer membrane systems are usually defined to solve abstract decision problems. In this sense, the use of finite resources for each member of the family makes the difference with respect to Turing machines solving these problems. While keeping the finite nature of these systems, it is interesting to know which type of problems can be solved by means of a single membrane system. For this purpose, the complexity class
PMC
R
1
p
was defined as the class of problems that can be solved by means of a single membrane system in polynomial time. Due to the polynomial-time encoding of the input, at least all the problems from
P
can be solved with a trivial system. To go below
P
, the class
PMC
R
1
f
restricts the definition of this encoding. In this work, we study the capability of different types of membrane systems to solve the ONLY-ONE-OBJECT problem, while having the encoding restriction.
Journal Article
The Dynamics of Sustainable IS Alignment: The Case for IS Adaptivity
Our research addresses one of the most vexing issues in IS, that of how IS alignment occurs. Even more vexing, and largely unaddressed, is the issue of sustainable IS alignment. We address sustainable IS alignment as a dynamic, multi-faceted, and non-deterministic process based on the complexity theory worldview. The complexity theory worldview conceives of organizations and IS as complex adaptive systems (CAS) that co-evolve over time. Sustainable IS alignment results when an organization's complex adaptive IS adapt to remain in alignment with the constantly-changing (that is, evolving) organization's goals. Our co-evolutionary theory of IS alignment links bottom-up, emergent processes that foster adaptivity with top-down, formal organizational processes essential to established organizations. We illustrate the theory by applying it to the co-evolution and therefore adaptation of enterprise architectures and IS development projects. Our research on the role of co-evolution in sustainable IS alignment contributes to IS research in general and to prior research on IS alignment in particular, and has implications for achieving sustainable IS alignment. We believe that portraying organizations and their IS as complex adaptive systems that co-evolve provides both research and practice with a way to move forward in their endeavors to realize the potential benefits from using IS to enable businesses. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article