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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical success of primary teeth class II lesions restored with different restorative materials [Hybrid Composite Resin (HCR), Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC), compomer, and Giomer Composite Resin (GCR)] followed up for 24 months. Study Design: This study was carried out on 146 primary molars of 41 children in the age range of 5–7 years. The class II lesions in primary molars of a patient were restored using different restorative materials. Restorations were evaluated according to FDI-criteria and their survival rates were determined. Data were analysed with Pearson chi-square, Kaplan-Meier and Wilcoxon (Breslow) tests (α = 0.05). Results: The failure rates of restorative materials were as follows: compomer 33.3%, RMGIC 28.1%, HCR 22.5% and GCR 21.1%. Conclusions: While the functional failure was the most important factor in restorative material failure, RMGIC was the most successful material in terms of biological evaluation criterion and GCR had the longest survival rate.

Aims: To compare the shear bond strength of three different pit and fissure sealants and evaluate the effect of a self-etching primer on shear bond strength of these three pit and fissure sealants as compared to conventional etch. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty newly extracted non carious permanent molars were selected. The mesial or distal surface was cleaned and polished to obtain a flat enamel surface. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups of sixty teeth each and each group further divided into two subgroups of thirty each. The teeth in one subgroup were treated with 37% phosphoric acid etchant and the other subgroup with self-etching primer before formation of a sealant button using a Teflon mold. Then specimens were tested in a shear mode at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. Results: The average bond strengths using conventional etch were: (1) Eco-S = 13.0986 MPa; (2) ClinPro = 13.4317 MPa; and (3) Dyract Flow = 13.0292 MPa and with self - etching primer were: (1) Eco-S = 19.7011MPa; (2) ClinPro = 20.8069 MPa; and (3) Dyract Flow = 19.5207 MPa. The values with self-etching primer were higher than and statistically different from those with the conventional etch system (student t test, P < 0.005). Conclusion: It was concluded that the bond strengths of self - etching primer in conjunction with pit and fissure sealant, exceeded those of conventional etch.

Compomer restorations release fluoride to help prevent future caries. We tested the hypothesis that compomer is associated with fewer future caries compared with amalgam. The five-year New England Children’s Amalgam Trial recruited 534 children aged 6–10 yrs with ≥ 2 carious posterior teeth. Children were randomized to receive compomer or amalgam restorations in primary posterior teeth, placed with a fluoride-releasing bonding agent. The association between restorative material and future caries was assessed by survival analysis. Average follow-up of restorations (N = 1085 compomer, 954 amalgams) was 2.8 + 1.4 yrs in 441 children. No significant difference between materials was found in the rate of new caries on different surfaces of the same tooth. Incident caries on other teeth appeared slightly more quickly after placement of compomer restorations (p = 0.007), but the difference was negligible after 5 yrs. Under the conditions of this trial, we found no preventive benefit to fluoride-releasing compomer compared with amalgam.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of reattached teeth using four different materials. Materials and Methods: 150 extracted human permanent maxillary incisors were randomly divided into five groups of 30 teeth each of one control and four experimental groups. Teeth in experimental groups were sectioned 2.5 mm from incisal edge and reattached using four different materials. The reattached teeth were subjected to evaluate fracture resistance. Results: The mean fracture resistance of reattached teeth using resin modified glass ionomer cement, compomer, composite resin and dual curing resin cement was 8.10 ± 2.34, 11.15 ± 3.36, 17.11 ± 3.99 and 14.13 ± 3.71 kg respectively. Results showed highly significant difference between the groups ( P < 0.001). Conclusion: Fracture resistance of reattached teeth in the different groups varied from 24-51% of that for an intact tooth. Reattachment with composite resin provides highest fracture resistance ( P < 0.05). Reattachment with resin-modified glass ionomer cement was the weakest ( P < 0.05).

Background: Class II composite restorations are more frequently being placed with margins apical to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and margins within the dentin are prone to microleakage. Aims: This in vitro study was used to evaluate the influence of flowable composite and flowable compomer as gingival liner on microleakage in Class II composite restorations and compare a light-emitting diode (LED) unit with a quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) unit for light-activating composite resins. Materials and Methods: Mesioocclusal and distoocclusal Class II cavity preparations were made in 72 sound extracted premolars. The buccolingual width was 2.5 mm and the gingival margins of all the cavities were placed 1.0 mm apical to the CEJ. The boxes were prepared 1.5 mm deep axially, making 144 slot cavities. Teeth were randomly divided into the following two groups (n = 72): (I) Universal Filtek Supreme XT; Universal Filtek Supreme XT + Flwable Filtek XT and Universal Filtek Supreme XT + Dyract Flow and (II) Filtek Z250; Filtek Z250 + Flwable Filtek XT and Filtek Z250 + Dyract Flow. Flowable materials were injected into the gingival floor of the cavity to a thickness of 1.0 mm. Each increment was cured for 20 s. One-half of the subgroups in each group were cured with QTH and the other half with LED light curing units (LCUs). After 1 week of incubation at 37°C, the specimens were thermocycled (5-55°C, x1500), immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine dye for 24 h and sectioned and microleakage was evaluated at the gingival margin by two examiners using a 0-3 score scale. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: The groups utilizing flowable liners had significantly less microleakage (P < 0.05). No significant difference was identified between Universal Filtek Supreme XT and Filtek Z250 composites with and without flowable materials. There was no significant between utilizing flowable composite or flowable compomer and between each similar subgroup when polymerized with either the LED or the QTH LCUs. Conclusions: A layer of flowable materials at the gingival floor of Class II composite restorations may be recommended to improve the marginal seal of a restoration.

Aim: This study compared the microleakage of light cure glass ionomer and flowable compomer as pit and fissure sealant, with and without tooth preparation. Materials and Methods: One hundred premolars that were extracted for orthodontic purpose were used. After adequate storage and surface debridement, the teeth were randomly divided into four groups. In Group I and III, the occlusal surfaces were left intact, while in Group II and Group IV, tooth surfaces were prepared. Teeth in Group I and Group II were sealed with Light cure glass ionomer, whereas flowable compomer was used to seal teeth in Group III and IV. The sealed teeth were then immersed in dye. Subsequently, buccolingual sections were made and each section was examined under stereomicroscope for microleakage followed by scoring. Results: In group I, microleakage score ranged from 2 to 4 with mean of 3.64 (+-0.757), while in group II the range was observed to be 1-4 with mean of 2.88 (+-1.236). Group III recorded a range of 0-4 with the mean of 2.20 (+-1.443) while 0-2 and 0.60 (+-0.707) being the range and mean observed, respectively, for group IV. Conclusion: Flowable compomer placed after tooth preparation showed better penetration and less marginal leakage than the light cure glass ionomer.

Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the color stability of two nanohybrid resin-based composites, two organic modified ceramic resin composites (ormocers) and a compomer, following their immersion during 4 weeks in four usual drinks. Material and methods Forty discs of each of the following materials were prepared: GrandioSO (GR), Esthet X (EX), Dyract EXTRA (DY), Ceram X duo (CX), and Admira Fusion (AD). The discs were polished and stored in distilled water during 24 h at 37 °C. Color according to the CIEL*a*b* scale was recoded. Ten randomly selected samples of each material were immersed in red wine (RW), coffee (CF), cola (CK), and distilled water (DW). The color was recorded after 1, 7, 21 and 28 days of immersion. The ΔE values between the baseline color and each of the study timepoints were calculated. The data were analyzed based on the Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results After 1 day of immersion, all the materials showed Δ E  > 3.3, except EX, CF, and CX in CK. RD was the most staining beverage (Δ E 15.36 to 31.09). EX and CX were significantly less stained than the rest of the materials ( p  < 0.05). Conclusions All the staining solutions produced darkening beyond clinically acceptable limits. EX and CX were the materials who experimented less staining, followed by GD. AD and DY were the materials more stained. RW was the drink that produced more staining, followed by CF and CK. Clinical relevance After 24 h of immersion in all the solutions, equivalent to 1 month of exposure in the mouth, the evaluated materials showed clinically unacceptable Δ E values.

Since a direct comparison of composites efficacy in clinical studies is very difficult, our study aimed to analyse in laboratory tests under standardised and simulated clinical conditions a large variety of commercial composite materials belonging to eight different materials categories. Thus, 72 hybrid, nano-hybrid, micro-filled, packable, ormocer-based and flowable composites, compomers and flowable compomers were compared in terms of their mechanical behaviour. Flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), diametric tensile (DTS) and compressive strength (CS) were measured after the samples had been stored in water for 24 h at 37°C. Results were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc test ( α  = 0.05) as well as partial η 2 statistics. Large varieties between the tested materials within the same material category were found. The hybrid, nano-hybrid, packable and ormocer-based composites do not differ significantly among each other as a material type, reaching the highest FS values. Nano-hybrid composites are characterised by a good FS, the best DTS but a low FM. The lowest mechanical properties achieved the micro-filled hybrids. The flowable composites and compomers showed for all properties comparable result. Both flowable material categories do not differ significantly from the micro-filled composites for the most mechanical properties, showing only a higher DTS. The filler volume was shown to have the highest influence on the measured properties, inducing a maximum FS and FM at a level of 60%, whereas such dependence was not measured for DTS or CS. The influence of the type of material on the mechanical properties was significant but very low, showing the strongest influence on the CS.

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ozone treatment on the color stability and surface roughness of three different restorative materials aged with various beverages. Methods The restorative materials used in this study were alkasite (Cention N-CN), polyacid-modified composite resin (compomer) and resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), and the aging solutions were orange juice, chocolate milk, cola and control group (distilled water). In this study, 24 groups were determined with n  = 10. Vita Easyshade Advance was used for color change measurement and Marsurf M300 profilometer was used for surface roughness measurement on all samples. Half of the groups were applied with ozonated water with Ozonette Dent ozone generator and the other half was not applied. After the ozone procedure, the samples were immersed in the solutions and this process was repeated every day. Color stability and surface roughness measurements were made on days 0, 1, 7 and 14. IBM SPSS V23 programme was used for statistical analyses. Statistically p  < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A significant difference was obtained between the 7th day values of the compomer material immersed in orange juice in color change according to ozone application ( p  = 0.029). There was no statistically significant difference in ∆Ra between ozonated and non-ozonated groups after 14 days. Conclusions The color change of the compomer material immersed in orange juice on the 7th day of ozonated water application was higher than the compomer material without ozonated water application. CN showed the most color change in distilled water, compomer in chocolate milk and RMGIC in cola. CN showed the most color change on the 7th day, while compomer and RMGIC showed the most color change on the 14th day. Ozone treatment had no significant effect on the surface roughness of the restorative materials.

Background The effects of topical fluoride applications on the release of monomer ingredients from resin-based dental materials by immersion in various extraction solutions are unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of topical fluorides (APF and NaF) on the elution of residual monomers (Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, UDMA, and HEMA) from resin-based materials. Methods Ninety specimens were prepared, 30 bulk-fill composite resin, 30 nanohybrid universal composite resin, and 30 polyacid-modified composite resin (compomer). These were randomly divided into three groups based on fluoride application procedures. Each specimen was kept in 75% ethanol solution, and residual monomers released from materials were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after 10 min, 1 h, 24 h, and 30 days. The groups were compared using the Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests. Measurements were analyzed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results Fluoride applications generally had no considerable effect on the amount of residual monomer released from resin-based restorative materials. The amount of monomer release after topical APF application was similar to the release in the control group and was lower than the release in the NaF group. The release of monomers from the resin-based material used in the study did not approach toxic levels at the applied time intervals. The compomer released lower amounts of monomer than other resin-based materials. Conclusions Fluoride applications do not increase monomer release from resin-based restorative materials. However, compomers should be employed by clinicians due to their lower monomer release compared to other resin restorative materials. The release of monomers from all the resin-based materials did not approach toxic levels at the applied time intervals.