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Aseptic loosening of on-lay all-polyethylene cemented glenoid components in total shoulder arthroplasty is a leading cause of revision surgery and may be accelerated by the rocking-horse phenomenon. In response to this, inset glenoid implants have been developed in hopes that they will lead to lower loosening rates. Presently, little literature exists on the ideal depth of insetting to minimize micromotion while also considering glenoid bone preservation. This study, therefore, evaluated a generic circular inset glenoid component implanted at 4 depths in osteoarthritic glenoids using finite element models. Micromotion under simulated joint loading, bone removal, and underlying bone density were compared. The goal was to determine an optimal inset depth that minimizes micromotion while preserving glenoid bone. Finite element models of 7 male osteoarthritic scapulae were generated from pre-operative computed tomography scans. Circular inset glenoid components were virtually implanted at 4 depths: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (inlay). Glenohumeral joint loading was simulated in 5 directions. Tangential (parallel) and normal (perpendicular) micromotions were measured across 6 backside regions of the component for each loading direction. The volume of bone removed for implantation and bone density within a 5-mm depth region beneath each component were also evaluated. No significant relationship was found between inset depth and tangential micromotion across load directions or locations (P > .05). The 25% depth showed the greatest median tangential micromotion in 12 of 42 cases (29%), the 50% and 100% depths in 11 cases each (26%), and the 75% depth in 8 cases (19%). Similarly, no significant relationship was observed between inset depth and normal micromotion. The 25% depth had the greatest median normal micromotion in 15 of 42 cases (36%), followed by 75% in 13 cases (31%), 50% in 8 cases (19%), and 100% in 6 cases (14%). Bone removal increased significantly with increasing inset depth (P < .05). On average, the 100% depth required approximately 4 times more bone removal than the 25% depth. Bone density within the 5-mm depth region beneath the component was highest at the 25% depth. Significant differences were observed between the 25% depth and the 50% (P = .03), 75% (P = .03), and 100% depths (P = .049), while no significant differences were found among the deeper depths. Inset depth was not significantly associated with glenoid component micromotion, although a trend toward reduced micromotion with greater depth was observed. However, deeper insetting required substantially more bone removal and was associated with lower underlying bone density. Considering implant stability, bone preservation, and supporting bone density, these findings support glenoid component insetting at approximately 25-50% depth.

In this paper, we study the power and limitations of component-stable algorithms in the low-space model of massively parallel computation (MPC). Recently Ghaffari, Kuhn and Uitto (FOCS 2019) introduced the class of component-stable low-space MPC algorithms, which are, informally, those algorithms for which the outputs reported by the nodes in different connected components are required to be independent. This very natural notion was introduced to capture most (if not all) of the known efficient MPC algorithms to date, and it was the first general class of MPC algorithms for which one can show non-trivial conditional lower bounds. In this paper we enhance the framework of component-stable algorithms and investigate its effect on the complexity of randomized and deterministic low-space MPC. Our key contributions include: 1. We revise and formalize the lifting approach of Ghaffari, Kuhn and Uitto. This requires a very delicate amendment of the notion of component stability, which allows us to fill in gaps in the earlier arguments. 2. We also extend the framework to obtain conditional lower bounds for deterministic algorithms and fine-grained lower bounds that depend on the maximum degree Δ. 3. We demonstrate a collection of natural graph problems for which deterministic component-unstable algorithms break the conditional lower bound obtained for component-stable algorithms. This implies that, in the context of deterministic algorithms, component-stable algorithms are conditionally weaker than the component-unstable ones. 4. We also show that the restriction to component-stable algorithms has an impact in the randomized setting. We present a natural problem which can be solved in O(1) rounds by a component-unstable MPC algorithm, but requires Ω(loglog∗n) rounds for any component-stable algorithm, conditioned on the connectivity conjecture. Altogether our results imply that component-stability might limit the computational power of the low-space MPC model, at least in certain contexts, paving the way for improved upper bounds that escape the conditional lower bound setting of Ghaffari, Kuhn, and Uitto.

Background This paper examines the impact of FI on bank stability within Ethiopian context, using panel data from 17 commercial banks over the period 2015-2023. Given the scarcity of research focused on the relationship between FI and bank stability in Ethiopia, this paper seeks to address a crucial gap by analyzing both conventional and digital aspects of FI in relation with bank stability. Methods A two-stage principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to construct a composite FI index, integrating 10 conventional and 5 digital indicators. The study applied a two-step robust system generalized method of moments (GMM) to analyze the effects of FI on bank stability, tests nonlinearities using Lind and Mehlum's (2010) U-test, and examines causality through Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) and Juodis et al. (2021) causality tests. Results The result reveals an inverted U-shaped relationship between FI and bank stability. FI enhances stability up to a 30.3% threshold, beyond which increased transaction costs, information asymmetries, and adverse selection risks weaken stability. Capital adequacy moderates this effect, raising the threshold to 35.1%, but its stabilizing role diminishes at higher levels. Granger causality tests confirm a bidirectional relationship. Additionally, bank efficiency and GDP growth enhance stability, while real interest rates, total assets, and income diversification exert destabilizing effects. Conclusions This study makes three key contributions. First, it provides the first empirical analysis of the FI-stability nexus in Ethiopia. Second: (i), it develops a multidimensional FI index; (ii), explores both linear and nonlinear relationships, and (iii) examines macroprudential regulation as a moderating factor. Third, it tests causality, offering policy insights. To enhance stability while mitigating risks, policymakers must balance FI expansion, enforce regulatory frameworks, and implement targeted capital requirements. Regulators should strengthen consumer protection and financial literacy, while banks must optimize outreach, manage credit risk, and ensure prudent asset allocation and liquidity management to sustain financial stability.

Self-recirculating casing treatment (SRCT) is widely used to improve the flow stability of high-pressure-ratio compressor (HPRC). However, the stability enhancement is usually compromised by associated flow losses. An optimization method for simultaneously expanding stability and enhancing performances of HPRC is proposed. By considering the SRCT-impeller coupled effect and the nonlinear blade leading edge, the original design space is expanded, then the existence of an optimal physical solution is ensured. Using the gradient mutation hybrid optimization algorithm for multi points optimization, the challenge of rapidly obtaining optimal physical solution is overcome. The results show that the total pressure ratio of the optimized compressor improves by 11.97%, 8.86% and 7.54% at the large flow rate, the design and the near-stall conditions, respectively. The isentropic efficiency increases by 2.87, 2.21, and 1.06 percentage points under the corresponding conditions. The stable operating range widens by 1.3 percentage points.  Based on the Sobol sensitivity analysis, and the comparative analysis of the flow field-geometry before and after optimization, the flow mechanisms of stability expansion and performance improvements of the compressor are comprehensively analyzed.

In this study, we investigated the transformation kinetics of martensite → reverted austenite in 18 wt.% grade 300 Ni maraging steel. The kinetics was evaluated based on the in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction data collected during isothermal heat treatment at 570°C. The onset of transformation martensite → reverted austenite was detected after ~ 5 min of aging. The austenite fraction increased as a function of annealing time and reached approximately 30 vol.% after 3 h of heat treatment. The electron backscatter diffraction technique revealed that reverted austenite is formed preferentially on both the martensitic lath boundaries and sub-grain boundaries inside the laths, in particular in those with high Taylor factor values. The reverted austenite maintains an orientation relationship with the prior austenite; however, variant selection can take place.

Based on the density functional theory (DFT) method, the behavioral mechanism of carbon addition to promote TiO 2 chlorination is investigated based on the adsorption energy, charge transfer and density of states (DOS) in the coadsorption system of a C 4 cluster and a Cl 2 molecule on the TiO 2 (110) surface. The investigated results indicate that C 4 cluster bonding with an O atom on the TiO 2 (110) surface could promote the Cl 2 molecule to dissociate into two Cl atoms that bond with the Ti atom on the TiO 2 (110) surface and a C atom of the C 4 cluster. The newly formed C-O bond and Ti-Cl bond constitute the channel of electron transfer from C 4 to the Cl atom and weaken the adjacent O-Ti bonding effect, which are conducive to the formation of new Ti-Cl and C-O bonds. Moreover, the tendency of C 4 OCl dissociation from the TiO 2 (110) surface is obvious, forming oxygen vacancy defects for the next Cl atom adsorption.

Ultrasonic vibration has been applied to improve the penetration of adhesive into the anodized layer, thereby enhancing the strength of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic/aluminum alloy bonding joints with anodizing pretreatment. The ultrasonic vibration-assisted adhesive bonding process was designed by orthogonal experiments, then verified experimentally. The strengthening mechanism was studied by analyzing the morphology and elemental distribution of the cross-section of the joint. The results show that the ultrasonic vibration-assisted adhesive bonding process can further strengthen the interfacial bonding. For the studied joints, the strength can reach 18.66 MPa, being 55% higher than without ultrasonic strengthening. The ultrasonic vibration creates shock waves in the adhesive layer, causing a high-speed adhesive jet toward the adherend surface, which makes the interfacial bonding tight and promotes penetration of the adhesive into the anodized layer. The bonding strength is thereby remarkably improved by forming a larger interfacial contact area and more mechanically interlocked structures.

The study of submerged entry nozzle clogging dynamics mainly focuses on the interface wetting behavior. So as to understand the effect of the interface electric field on the wetting behavior between the immersion nozzle and the molten steel, electrowetting experiments and field industrial tests were performed. The results show that the wettability between the iron droplet and the nozzle constituent material can be improved by applying an electric field, and the solid–liquid wetting angle decreases with increasing voltage. There is an electric field at the interface between the submerged entry nozzle and molten steel during continuous casting, and the resulting electrowetting effect significantly changes the wetting behavior between the molten steel and the nozzle, which promotes the interaction between the two phases resulting in a large amount of deposits on the inner surface of the submerged entry nozzle, causing nozzle clogging.

Herein, an 2024-Al/AZ31-Mg laminated composite was prepared by hot-pressing sintering using powder metallurgy integrated forming and sintering. Effects of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the matrix and interface of Al/Mg laminated composites were investigated. The mechanisms of interface formation and evolution were obtained. The results indicate that with sintering temperature increases from 475°C to 550°C, the densification of the Al/Mg matrix gradually increases. Intermetallic compounds were generated at the interface, and their thickness increased from 56.4 μm to 195.1 μm. In addition, the interface structure was composed of an Al 7 Cu 3 Mg 6 , Al 3 Mg 2 and Al 12 Mg 17 layer. At a sintering temperature of 525°C, the tensile strength and interface shear strength of Al/Mg laminated composites were 37.8 MPa and 31.13 MPa, respectively. The shear fracture occurred between the Al 3 Mg 2 layer and Al 12 Mg 17 layer and was a mixed cleavage and intergranular fracture.

Developing a highly efficient method to recover uranium from metallurgical waste can alleviate the shortage of uranium resources. However, the dissociation of uranium is limited by the ultrafine uranium particles embedded in the gangue. Dilute alkali pretreatment is an effective process to improve the dissociation rate of uranium. Moreover, the leaching kinetics of the pulverized gangue during the pretreatment process is the decisive factor affecting the efficiency of uranium dissociation. The traditional shrinking core model cannot accurately depict the leaching kinetics of low-grade uranium ore due to the encapsulation of gangue minerals. The Avrami equation was used to investigate the dissociation kinetics of uranium during pretreatment. The results showed that the alkali pretreatment decreased the activation energy and reaction order of subsequent reactions by pulverizing the gangue structure and producing a leaching “micro-path”, thus significantly reducing the dependence of the uranium acid leaching process on temperature and acid concentration.