Explore the vast range of titles available.

Perfectly incompressible materials do not exist in nature but are a useful approximation of several media which can be deformed in non-isothermal processes but undergo very small volume variations. In this paper, the linear analysis of the Darcy-Bénard problem is performed in the class of extended-quasi-thermal-incompressible fluids, introducing a factor β which describes the compressibility of the fluid and plays an essential role in the instability results. In particular, in the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation, a more realistic constitutive equation for the fluid density is employed in order to obtain more thermodynamically consistent instability results. The critical Rayleigh-Darcy number for the onset of convection is determined, via linear instability analysis of the conduction solution, as a function of a dimensionless parameter β ^ proportional to the compressibility factor β , proving that β ^ enhances the onset of convective motions. Article Highlights The onset of convection in fluid-saturated porous media is analyzed, taking into account fluid compressibility effect. The critical Rayleigh-Darcy number is determined in a closed algebraic form via linear instability analysis. The critical Rayleigh-Darcy number is shown to be a decreasing function of the dimensionless compressibility factor.

Different configurations of journal bearings have been extensively used in turbomachinery and power generating equipment. Three-lobe bearing is used due to its lower film temperature and stable operation. In this study, static performance of such a bearing has been investigated at different eccentricity ratios considering lubricant compressibility and variable viscosity. The effect of variable viscosity was considered by taking the viscosity as a function of the oil film thickness while Dowson model is used to consider the effect of lubricant compressibility. The effect of such parameters was considered to compute the oil film pressure, load-carrying capacity, attitude angle and oil side leakage for a bearing working at (ε from 0.6 to 0.8) and (viscosity coefficient from 0 to 1). The mathematical model as well as the computer program prepared to solve the governing equations were validated by comparing the pressure distribution obtained in the present work with that obtained by EL-Said et al. A good agreement between the results has been observed with maximum deviation of 3%. The obtained results indicate a decrease in oil film pressure and load-carrying capacity with the higher values of viscosity coefficient while the oil compressibility has a little effect on such parameters.

Deformation bands featuring localised material failure are ubiquitous in nature. They form important flow barriers and reduce/compartmentalise fluid flow in oil/gas/water reservoir rocks. Moderate temperature changes have been observed to play a fundamental role in the formation and style of these bands, but the mechanisms underpinning these changes are often obscure. Here, we show compaction experiments of highly porous limestone from Mt Gambier, Australia, with chemically non-reacting gaseous (helium) and fluid (kerosene) pore fluids. Gas-filled limestones showed a lower static elastic stiffness than fluid-filled specimens. The discrepancy in elastic modulus is particularly noted at high temperature. This indicates the important effect of temperature-sensitive compressibility of gas-filled pores versus nominally incompressible fluid-filled pores. A moderate temperature rise from 25 to 80 °C also led to a sharp transition in compaction band growth from dominantly ductile diffuse band growth at low temperatures to prevailing brittle growth at higher temperatures. We attribute this change to a temperature-sensitive change in micro-mechanism from rate-sensitive calcite twinning at room temperature to activation of a near-ideal plastic Peierls mechanism at 80 °C. The inverse-to-normal brittle–ductile transition is documented by time-lapse X-ray CT micro-tomographic images and associated digital image and volume image correlation techniques.Highlights4D time-lapse triaxial experiments on highly porous carbonates reveal thermomechanical and thermohydromechanical couplings.Gas saturated specimens show higher yield stress and lower elastic modulus when compared to fluid-saturated specimens.A changeover from ostensibly ductile to a dominantly brittle micro-deformation mechanisms is encountered when raising the temperature from 25 to 80 °C.

The compressibility effects on the transition to turbulence in a spatially developing, compressible plane free shear layer are investigated via direct numerical simulation using a high-order discontinuous spectral element method for three different convective Mach numbers of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7. The location of the laminar–turbulent transition zone is predicted by the analyses of vorticities, Reynolds stresses, and the turbulent dissipation rate. In the turbulence transition and self-similar turbulence regions, the effects of compressibility on the flow properties, such as the velocity autocorrelation function, integral time scale, momentum thickness, Reynolds stress, and turbulent kinetic energy budget, are investigated. The compressibility effects on the onset and length of the turbulence transition zone are studied based on the analyses of such flow properties. The mean velocity, momentum thickness, and Reynolds stress profiles compare well with published experimental data. Vorticity contours and iso-surface of the second invariant of velocity gradient tensor identify the characteristic of flow structures. The two-point correlation functions of velocity components, the one-dimensional (1D) spanwise energy spectrum, and the balance of the turbulent kinetic energy transport equation validate the domain size and resolution of the adopted grid for turbulence simulation. An increase in the convective Mach number leads to a reduction in the sizes of the largest-scale structures, resulting in a significant decrease in Reynolds stresses and turbulence production. The onset of turbulence transition and the location where the transition completes shift downstream, while the length of the transition zone increases with increasing convective Mach number.

In this research, a theoretical model is presented to investigate the density wave oscillations (DWOs), in two horizontal parallel channels with lumped parameter model based on two phase homogeneous hypothesis. The parallel channel is composed of the entrance section, heating section and outlet section and the model consists of the boiling channel model, pressure drop model, parallel channel model, constructive model and inertia and compressibility effects, while subcooled boiling effect is neglected and the governing equations are solved by Gear method. The model is validated with experimental data of a single channel flow instability experiment. Then the flow instability in twin channel system is studied under different conditions. This model can analyze the effects of external parameters, such as fluid inertia and compressible gases on the stability margins of density wave oscillations. The results show that, the fluid inertia and compressible gases can significantly change the stability margins of two parallel channels; in fact, the stability behavior of two parallel channel system improves with increasing the inlet inertia and outlet compressibility but, increasing the outlet inertia and inlet compressibility have negative effects the system stability.

A hypersonic, spatially evolving turbulent boundary layer at Mach 12.48 with a cooled wall is analysed by means of direct numerical simulations. At the selected conditions, massive kinetic-to-internal energy conversion triggers thermal and chemical non-equilibrium phenomena. Air is assumed to behave as a five-species reacting mixture, and a two-temperature model is adopted to account for vibrational non-equilibrium. Wall cooling partly counteracts the effects of friction heating, and the temperature rise in the boundary layer excites vibrational energy modes while inducing mild chemical dissociation of oxygen. Vibrational non-equilibrium is mostly driven by molecular nitrogen, characterized by slower relaxation rates than the other molecules in the mixture. The results reveal that thermal non-equilibrium is sustained by turbulent mixing: sweep and ejection events efficiently redistribute the gas, contributing to the generation of a vibrationally under-excited state close to the wall, and an over-excited state in the outer region of the boundary layer. The tight coupling between turbulence and thermal effects is quantified by defining an interaction indicator. A modelling strategy for the vibrational energy turbulent flux is proposed, based on the definition of a vibrational turbulent Prandtl number. The validity of the strong Reynolds analogy under thermal non-equilibrium is also evaluated. Strong compressibility effects promote the translational–vibrational energy exchange, but no preferential correlation was detected between expansions/compressions and vibrational over-/under-excitation, as opposed to what has been observed for unconfined turbulent configurations.

Excess Flow Valves (EFV) for gas-stop systems is generally used in natural gas pipelines to prevent possible damages or destruction due to gas leakage. It can be used in a wide operating range of pressure, but the shut-off flow rate could be in various values at different pressures since natural gas can easily be compressed and can reach higher density. In this study, shut-off and nominal gas flow which effect on a spring force attached to an EFV system simulation by using Fluid Solid Interaction (FSI) strategy was studied. Furthermore, User Define Function (UDF) adapted to simulation to obtain the time-dependent deformation of the spring. The simulations were repeated at five different operating pressures (1-5 bar) with changing flow rates to show if EFV can shut-off the system or not. Results were validated against experimental data of the EFV to show the consistency of the FSI strategy. Moreover, detailed behaviour information of the EFV obtained by means.

The effect of wall temperature on the transfer of kinetic energy in a hypersonic turbulent boundary layer for different Mach numbers and wall temperature ratios is studied by direct numerical simulation. A cold wall temperature can enhance the compressibility effect in the near-wall region through increasing the temperature gradient and wall heat flux. It is shown that the cold wall temperature enhances the local reverse transfer of kinetic energy from small scales to large scales, and suppresses the local direct transfer of kinetic energy from large scales to small scales. The average filtered spatial convection and average filtered viscous dissipation are dominant in the near-wall region, while the average subgrid-scale flux of kinetic energy achieves its peak value in the buffer layer. It is found that the wall can suppress the inter-scale transfer of kinetic energy, especially for the situation of a cold wall. A strong local reverse transfer of fluctuating kinetic energy is identified in the buffer layer in the inertial range. Helmholtz decomposition is applied to analyse the compressibility effect on the subgrid-scale flux of kinetic energy. A strong transfer of the solenoidal component of fluctuating kinetic energy is identified in the buffer layer, while a significant transfer of the dilatational component of fluctuating kinetic energy is observed in the near-wall region. It is also shown that compression motions have a major contribution to the direct transfer of fluctuating kinetic energy, while expansion motions play a marked role in the reverse transfer of fluctuating kinetic energy.

We present an optomechanical method for locally measuring the rheological properties of complex fluids in the ultra-high frequency range (UHF). A mechanical disk of microscale volume is used as an oscillating probe that monitors a liquid at rest, while the oscillation is optomechanically transduced. An analytical model for fluid-structure interactions is used to deduce the rheological properties of the liquid. This method is calibrated on liquid water, which despite pronounced compressibility effects remains Newtonian over the explored range. In contrast, liquid 1-decanol exhibits a non-Newtonian behavior, with a frequency-dependent viscosity showing two relaxation times of 797 and 151 picoseconds, associated to supramolecular and intramolecular processes. A shear elastic response appears at the highest frequencies, whose value allows determining the volume of a single liquid molecule. UHF optomechanical micro-rheology provides direct mechanical access to the fast molecular dynamics in a liquid, in a quantitative manner and within a sub-millisecond measurement time. An optomechanical probe measures the rheological properties of liquids in a microscopic volume. Operating at ultra-high frequency, it reveals compressibility effects in water, while unveiling non-Newtonian behavior in a long chain alcohol.

The idea that a material can exhibit negative compressibility is highly consequential for research and applications. As new forms for this effect are discovered, it is important to examine the range of possible mechanisms and ways to design them into mechanical metamaterials. This comment aims to provide a generalized framework for discussing negative compressibility in materials, especially with the context of metamaterials and open poroelastic systems, going beyond a strict thermodynamic interpretation.