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This study aims to investigate the impact of calf compression sleeves (CCS) on the thermal and moisture comfort of individuals during indoor jogging, particularly focusing on sedentary populations. Methods: Mechanical and hygroscopic properties of various CCS were assessed using grey relation analysis to evaluate their thermal and moisture characteristics. Physiological indicators, including skin temperature and humidity, were measured during different stages of exercise in a controlled environment. The findings revealed significant differences (  < 0.05) in the thermal and moisture properties of CCS with varying thicknesses and densities. Participants wearing CCS experienced higher skin temperatures and sweating rates during exercise, indicating improved heat dissipation and moisture wicking capabilities. This study proposes a comprehensive evaluation strategy for CCS regarding thermal and moisture comfort, providing a basis for the functional design of sports equipment tailored to enhance comfort and performance for sedentary individuals engaging in indoor exercise.

Compression garments are used by athletes for post-exercise recovery and injury prevention, yet their effectiveness depends on the interaction between textile properties, garment construction, and user-specific biomechanics. Despite growing participation of women in collegiate sports, few studies have examined recovery-focused compression engineered specifically for female athletes. This pilot investigation combined user-centered design methodology with textile performance testing to develop and evaluate a hamstring compression sleeve for female NCAA athletes. Survey data from competitive athletes (N = 34) identified durability, stretch, and thermal comfort as primary design priorities. Five candidate fabrics were evaluated for thickness, mass, elongation, and air permeability, leading to selection of a spacer knit fabric that provided high extensibility with sufficient stability for localized compression. A prototype sleeve incorporating elastomeric striping aligned with hamstring musculature was produced and evaluated during four repeated sprint testing sessions with NCAA athletes (N = 8). Functional performance measures included isometric strength, jump performance, and power output, alongside perceived soreness and wearability assessments. No statistically significant differences were detected between the compression and control limbs across biomechanical performance variables. However, participants consistently reported positive perceptions related to comfort, usability, and recovery support. These findings suggest that perceived benefits of compression garments may not always be reflected into short-term performance metrics, but remain relevant to athlete experience. The study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating textile engineering, garment design, and athlete feedback within a single development process and provides a framework for future optimization of compression systems tailored to female athletic populations.

Prestressed concrete composed of steel materials is increasingly used in various social infrastructures, such as bridges (cables), nuclear containment structures, liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks, and structural reinforcements. This study aimed to substitute the steel in bridge cables with fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) to prevent the damage caused by the performance degradation of corroded prestressed steel. An optimized single-anchorage system was derived by applying multiple variables, such as the surface treatment, number of insert layers, and sleeve processing companies, to improve the maximum load and bonding with the anchorage system sleeve using the carbon FRP (CFRP) cable. The B-L-4 specimen (sleeve specifications of company B, longitudinal surface treatment, and four insert layers) was determined to be the optimized single-anchorage system. When the tensile test was conducted after applying the optimized single-anchorage system to the three- and seven-multi-anchorage systems, the tensile performances of B-L-4 were 100 and 95% of the one-multi-anchorage system, respectively. Considering that the problems associated with the construction of three- and seven-multi-anchorage systems have been addressed, these systems can be applied to actual bridges in the future, and can significantly benefit their maintenance.

Around 25% of women undergoing Axillary Clearance (ANC) develop lymphedema (LE). Intervention with a compression garment is recommended to prevent LE but no randomised evidence exists to support this strategy. Methods A randomised trial tested standard management versus application of graduated compression garments (20‐24 mmHg) to affected arm, for 1 year. Women with node positive breast cancer (n = 1300) undergoing ANC consented to arm volume measurements and those developing a 4–9% relative arm volume increase (RAVI) (subclinical LE) within 9 months post‐surgery were randomised. Primary outcome was proportion of patients developing LE (RAVI > 10%) by 24‐months in each group. Secondary endpoints included Quality of life in each group. Results In total 143 patients were randomised (74 no sleeve: 69 compression sleeve) between October 2010 and November 2015. The lymphoedema rate at 24 months in the ‘no sleeve’ group was at 41%, similar to the ‘sleeve’ group (30%: p = 0.32). Thirtytwo patients randomised to the ‘no sleeve’ group had a sleeve applied within 24 months. Body Mass Index (BMI) at randomisation predicted LE at any time point HR 1.04 (CI 1.01–1.08; p = 0.01). Patients with obesity (BMI > 30) had higher rates of LE in both groups (46%) compared to those with BMI < 30 (24%). No difference between patients was found in either group in changes in QoL. Compression sleeves applied after development of LE improved QoL scores (FACT‐B p = 0.007:TOI p = 0.042). Conclusion Early intervention with External Compression garments does not prevent clinical LE, particularly in women with a high BMI > 30. The use of prophylactic garments in subclinical LE (RAVI < 9%) is unwarranted. A Randomised trial of external arm compression garments after axillary node clearance in women developing early arm swelling failed to find an effect of the intervention in preventing lymphoedema.

Compression garments apply garment pressure to suppress growth and flatten hypertrophic scars caused by serious burns. In order to reduce the pain caused by a trial-made compression garment for burn patients, one of the most studied parts of the human body, the arm, was selected as the research object, and the characteristics of an arm model that could be used for compression sleeve design and garment pressure measurement were studied. Five human arm models were made based on three-dimensional-printing technology, and then a compression sleeve was made based on Laplace’s law. After that, the garment pressures that the compression sleeve applied on the five human arm models and on a real human arm were tested. Finally, the garment pressure magnitudes and the distribution on a real human arm and on each arm model were compared and analyzed. The results show that when other conditions were consistent, the garment pressure on the arm model was inversely proportional to the hardness of the model, and the garment pressure magnitudes and the distribution on the model whose hardness was close to that of a real human arm were very similar to those of a real human arm. Moreover, consistent with the previous research results, the garment pressure of the compression sleeve that was made based on Laplace’s law increased with the increase of the arm circumference, and it decreased with decreasing circumference. The results of this study can provide a reference for the exploration of a mannequin that can substitute for a real human body in the design of compression garments.

Compression garments produce a pressure to suppress and flatten hypertrophic scars caused by serious burns, and its value plays a critical role in the treatment. In this study, a 3-D biomechanical mathematical model is established to study numerically the pressure distribution over the arm given by a compression sleeve. The actual geometry of a female arm is used in our study, which is obtained from a 3-D reconstruction of computer X-ray tomography images. The arm model consists of bones and soft tissues, and the sleeve is described by an orthotropic shell model. The finite element method is adopted to predict the pres-sure distribution, which is then experimentally verified in a good agreement, providing a good understanding of the mechanism of pressure action on hypertrophic scars, and enhancing the medical function of a compression garment. The present method offers also a new approach to optimal design of compression garments with real constraints. nema

Doc number: 12 Abstract Background: The only three randomized trials on the treatment of MTSS were all performed in military populations. The treatment options investigated in this study were not previously examined in athletes. This study investigated if functional outcome of three common treatment options for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) in athletes in a non-military setting was the same. Methods: The study design was randomized and multi-centered. Physical therapists and sports physicians referred athletes with MTSS to the hospital for inclusion. 81 athletes were assessed for eligibility of which 74 athletes were included and randomized to three treatment groups. Group one performed a graded running program, group two performed a graded running program with additional stretching and strengthening exercises for the calves, while group three performed a graded running program with an additional sports compression stocking. The primary outcome measure was: time to complete a running program (able to run 18 minutes with high intensity) and secondary outcome was: general satisfaction with treatment. Results: 74 Athletes were randomized and included of which 14 did not complete the study due a lack of progress (18.9%). The data was analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. Time to complete a running program and general satisfaction with the treatment were not significantly different between the three treatment groups. Conclusion: This was the first randomized trial on the treatment of MTSS in athletes in a non-military setting. No differences were found between the groups for the time to complete a running program. Trial registration: CCMO; NL23471.098.08

This chapter introduces the various pipeline repair techniques. It is the responsibility of the operating company to review the various options that are available and select the option that provides the best result for their situation. The chapter covers the repair of pipelines using pipe replacement, grinding, steel sleeves, epoxy‐filled shells, steel compression sleeves, composite reinforcement sleeves, hot tapping, direct deposition welding, bolt‐ons, and stopples. Cutout and replacement is the preferred repair method for all defects. Pipe replacement involves the removal of the affected pipe and the replacement by welding in of a new pretested pipe section. There are two basic types of tight‐fitting full‐encirclement steel sleeves: Type A and Type B. Steel compression sleeves involve assembling two sleeve halves over the defect area and drawing them together using jacking devices. Temporary repair can be made using commercially available “bolt‐on” sleeves.

Grouted sleeves are widely used in precast assembled structures. Many experiments show that grouted sleeves enhance strength and stiffness in the Grouted Sleeve Connection Region (GSCR) of precast columns. However, measuring the GSCR’s shear strength is challenging in tests due to sleeve length, as it’s an inherent part of these columns. Firstly, the GSCR mechanics model was developed using Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT). A shear strength calculation method for GSCR was also proposed by analyzing its cross-sectional strains. Subsequently, the logic of the calculation process was validated by calculating the shear strength of cast-in-place short columns and its accuracy was confirmed through finite element analysis. Finally, the effect of grouted sleeves on GSCR’s shear strength under varying axial compression and moment was analyzed using the established computational method. The analysis showed that the shear strength of GSCR was significantly higher than the shear strength normal concrete section. The grouted sleeves bore most of the shear force. The GSCR section’s shear strength increased with rising axial compression ratio but weakened as the bending moment grew. These findings offer valuable insights into the analysis of shear strength in regions with grouted sleeves.

There are many horizontal joints on precast concrete (PC) wall panel structures, which certainly has a significant impact on the seismic behavior of structures. This paper proposes a novel alveolar-type horizontal joint, which has advantages of convenient and rapid assembly. Six precast concrete wall specimens with alveolar-type joints were designed and constructed, and they were weakly connected by spliced rebars anchored into grouted sleeves to meet the requirements of structural performance. The pseudo-static loading tests on these specimens were conducted to investigate the effects of influencing factors, such as the axial compression ratio, the thickness of wall (interface contact area), and the addition of a vertical grouted sleeve connection at the horizontal joint, on the seismic performance of PC walls. Analyses and comparisons were conducted in terms of the cracking propagation pattern, failure modes, force–displacement hysteretic curves, skeleton curves, bearing capacity, ductility factors, and energy dissipation of PC walls. It was concluded that the axial compression ratio and adding grouted sleeve connection had a significant influence on the cracking mode of PC walls, whereas the impact of the wall thickness was slight. The shear capacity and energy dissipation capacity of specimen dramatically enhanced by increasing the axial compression ratio or adding grouted sleeve connection. The PC wall exhibits good ductility after adding the vertical grouted sleeve connection at a horizontal joint. However, the ductility factor increases firstly and then decreases in the enhancement of the axial compression ratio. The reduction in wall thickness has remarkable impacts on the shear strength and energy dissipation capacity of specimens, but the influences on ductility were not significant. The prediction method for calculating the shear capacity of PC walls with alveolar-type horizontal joints was proposed based on the experimental data, and these calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results.