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Bioinformatics allows researchers to answer biological questions with advanced computational methods which involves the application of statistics and mathematical modeling. Structural bioinformatics enables the prediction and analysis of 3D structures of macromolecules while Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD) assists scientists to design effective active molecules against diseases. However, the concepts in structural bioinformatics and CADD can be complex to understand for students and educated laymen. This quick guideline is intended as a basic manual for beginner students and instructors involved in bioinformatics and computational chemistry courses. Readers will learn the basics of structural bioinformatics, primary and secondary analysis and prediction, structural visualization, structural analysis and molecular docking. Therefore, the book is a useful handbook for aspiring scholars who wish to learn the basic concepts in computational analysis of biomolecules.

This study aimed to compare the color change of computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture teeth and conventional acrylic teeth after immersion in three staining beverages (coffee, red tea, and cola) for a day, 7 days, and 30 days. Group 1: Conventional acrylic teeth (n = 32). Group 2: Milled CAD/CAM teeth out of PMMA disc (n = 32). The specimens of each material were further divided into four subgroups: (1) Control group, distilled water (n = 16). (2) Red tea solution (n = 16). (3) Coffee solution (n = 16). (4) Cola (n = 16). The color change ( ) was assessed using a spectrophotometer at four time points: at the baseline (t ), on the 1st day (t ), on the 7th day (t ), and the 30th day (t ) of immersion. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied, followed by performing independent samples t test, one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey tests to compare the color change values at different time points. The mean score of NBS values of the coffee solution indicates perceivable color change at the end of the 30th day in the conventional acrylic teeth group. It was 0.843 ± 0.395 at t , then increased to 1.017 ± 0.477 at t and to 2.259 ± 1.059 at t . There is a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in color change values between both tooth types at the end of the 30th day of immersion in red tea solution and a statistically significant difference at the end of the 7th day (p < 0.05) and the 30th day (p < 0.05) of immersion in coffee solution. CAD/CAM PMMA teeth are more color stable than conventional acrylic teeth after 30 days of immersion in coffee and red tea solution.

Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) are used very often in dentistry. Y-TZP is the most widely used zirconia dental ceramic, and PMMA has classically been used in removable prosthesis manufacturing. Both types of materials are commercialized in CAD/CAM system blocks and represent alternatives for long-lasting temporary (PMMA) or definitive (Y-TZP) implantological abutments. The aim of the present work is to reveal that human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) have a favorable response when they are in contact with Y-TZP or PMMA as a dental implant abutment or implant-supported fixed prosthesis, and also to review their principal characteristics. We conducted an electronic search in the PubMed database. From an initial search of more than 32,000 articles, the application of filters reduced this number to 5104. After reading the abstracts and titles, we reduced the eligible articles to 23. Ultimately, we have included eight articles in this review.

Aims: To evaluate the flexural properties of computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milled posts fabricated from the experimental fibre-reinforced composite disks in different fibre direction, and to compare the flexural properties of the CAD-CAM milled posts to those of commercial prefabricated posts, RelyX and FRC PostecPlus. Settings and Design: In vitro comparative study. Materials and Methods: E-glass fibre was used to fabricate the CAD-CAM composite disks. The fibres were prepared in unidirectional and multidirectional arrangements into the epoxy resin, at 70% by weight. The disk was milled by the Cerec InLab CAD-CAM system to fabricate a post. Ten posts for each type of disk were prepared. Two types of commercial fibre posts, RelyX fibre post, and FRC PostecPlus were used as control. The three-point bending test was performed. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Game-Howell post-hoc test. Results: The results indicated that both commercial fibre posts had the highest flexural strength and flexural modulus. The unidirectional experimental post yielded significantly lower values in both flexural strengths (739.1 ± 24.1 MPa) and flexural modulus (21.0 ± 3.5 GPa) compared to the control posts, while the multidirectional experimental posts had extremely low flexural strength and flexural modulus. Conclusions: The direction of the fibres significantly influenced the mechanical properties of the posts. The experimental unidirectional fibre-reinforced composite disk showed the potential to be used as a CAD-CAM disk for post and core fabrication.

ABSTRACT Objectives The initial color of a ceramic restoration is determined by the background color. Dental ceramics are great at masking a variety of stains, which helps achieve a natural and beautiful smile. A recent study delved into the effectiveness of CAD/CAM bleach shade ceramics of varying thicknesses in concealing dental discoloration. Material and Methods In this laboratory research, ceramic samples including feldspathic ceramics, lithium silicate ceramics, and zirconia ceramics of varying thicknesses were used. Each type of ceramic had a thickness of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm, with dimensions of 7 × 7 mm (n = 10). Backgrounds of C4 and A2 color porcelain were used. To evaluate color coverage, ceramic pieces were placed on the C4 and A2 porcelain backgrounds, and the Vita spectrophotometer was used to calculate the L*a*b* parameters and color difference (ΔE00). A ΔE00 value of ≤ 1.8 was considered clinically acceptable. The data was analyzed using two‐way and one‐way analysis of variance tests, and pairwise comparisons of groups were performed using Tukey's test. Results The research revealed that both the thickness and type of ceramic material significantly influenced the color changes of the samples, with their interaction also playing a crucial role (all three: p < 0.001). Zirconia demonstrated superior color masking performance on the C4 substrate at 0.5 and 1.0 mm thicknesses. The masking ability of ceramics varied at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm but notably improved at a thickness of 2.0 mm. Conclusions Zirconia generally demonstrated superior masking ability across all thicknesses, while other ceramics exhibited commendable performance only at 1.5 and 2.0 mm thicknesses. Nevertheless, augmenting the thickness of ceramic restorations amplified their masking capability.

Introduction: Digitalization has revolutionized dentistry in the last decade. Current application in digitization has increased which includes use of various systems such as cone-beam computed tomography for implant purpose, temporomandibular joint disease diagnosis, utilization of computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing system (CAD-CAM system) for prosthodontics. The usage of digital dentistry is made right from diagnosis to treatment planning which reduces the time consumption & human efforts to a great extent & increases accuracy for treatment planning. Therefore, this review focuses on analysis of implementation of digitization in dentistry from 2011 to 2021. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the scientific literature on digitization in dentistry by examining the origin of manuscripts, study types, and levels of evidence. Materials and Methods: The study retrieved data from journals indexed in Scopus. Subsequently, a descriptive analysis was conducted on bibliographic data, collaboration network, and keyword co-occurrence. The articles were then classified based on their field of interest, main research question, study type, and level of evidence. Results: The study has identified 203 original papers on digital dentistry, published in 112 journals, and co-authored by 1436 individuals affiliated with 89 institutions from 45 countries. While the majority (81.4%) of these papers were from a single country, we observed high collaboration among institutions from the United States, Britain, and Brazil. The primary focus of these papers was on the potential uses of digital technology in dentistry. Regarding study type, most articles were systematic reviews, cross-sectional studies, and original research papers. Conclusion: Integrating digital technology in dentistry has brought numerous benefits, including a more organized and streamlined approach to medical records and thorough investigation and treatment planning within a shorter timeframe. Furthermore, digital technology enables the accurate detection of even the minutest details, minimizing errors and eliminating human bias. The use of three-dimensional imaging techniques allows for the precise determination of objects' geometrical characteristics and spatial orientation, resulting in the accurate placement of implants and prosthetics. Clinical Relevance: Digitization in dentistry has opened a whole new world for practitioners to focus on the patient satisfaction approach. Digital platforms can help optimize diagnosis and consulting and provide an excellent base for treatment planning.

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effects of new and used burs on CAD-CAM PMMA resin color changes following thermocycling. Materials and methods Twenty disk-shaped specimens (10 × 2 mm) were made using a single brand of CAD-CAM polymethyl methacrylate resin (Polident) for the color test. Group N consisted of half of the specimens that were machined using the new tungsten carbide bur set, and Group U consisted of the specimens that were milled using the used bur set (500 machining time). A color test was performed on the specimens both before and after thermocycling. For the statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn Pairwise Comparison tests were employed. Results The ∆E* value of specimens (2.057) milled with the used bur was higher than those of specimens milled with the new bur (0.340), but this value is within clinically acceptable limits. After thermocycling, specimens milled with the utilized burs had the greatest L* (93.850) and b* (5.000) values. After thermocycling, statistically significant differences were discovered between Group N and Group U as well as between specimens milled with the utilized bur before and after thermocycling. Conclusion Thermocycling process have an effect on the mean ∆E values of specimens milled with the used carbide bur, but these ∆E* values were not statistically significant. Clinical significance The color and clinical performance of CAD-CAM restorations may be affected by variations in CAD-CAM milling bur properties, particularly those related to their frequent use.

Aim: This study evaluated the color aging of two computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) provisional materials of different compositions (polymethyl methacrylate and composite resin) after exposure to thermal aging and immersion in coffee for 3, 6, and 12 intraoral months. Setting and Design: The current in vitro study was conducted from September to December 2021 at the Craniofacial laboratory at the Saint Joseph University in Beirut, Lebanon. Materials and Methods: The shades of 2.0 mm thick, 10.0 mm in diameter disk shaped specimens of VITA CAD Temp® and Ceramill® TEMP were measured using the VITA Linearguide 3D MASTER® and a conversion table to extract the CIE LFNx01aFNx01bFNx01 values on a white background (n = 30). Statistical Analysis Used: The color differences ΔE at 3, 6, and 12 months were calculated and analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons, univariate analyses, and one sample t tests. Results: The mean ΔET1/T0, ΔET2/T0, and ΔET3/T0 values were significantly higher than the cutoff values for acceptability and perceptibility for the VITA CAD Temp® and the Ceramill® TEMP groups. In addition, the increase in ΔE overtime was significantly greater in the Ceramill® TEMP group compared to the VITA CAD Temp® group. Conclusions: The Ceramill® TEMP changed color more and faster than the VITA CAD Temp®. In addition, whether at 3, 6, or 12 months, the color variations of both materials are not only perceptible but also unacceptable compared to the initial shade.

The present study assessed the retention forces corresponding to different telescopic systems used in removable prosthetic dentures. The telescopic systems were represented by Co–Cr alloy or zirconia-based primary crowns and Co–Cr secondary crowns. All crowns were manufactured using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology (CAD/CAM). Two types of reference abutment teeth (upper canine and first upper molar) were selected in order to obtain the telescopic crowns and two taper angles—of 0° and 2°—were used for the design of the crowns. A number of 120 samples of telescopic crowns were obtained and subjected to mechanical tests, following a specific protocol, on a mechanical testing equipment. The retention of the telescopic systems was evaluated for different sets of cycles (up to 360), represented by movements that simulate the intraoral insertion and disinsertion of the telescopic systems. The present study highlights that the telescopic systems in which the primary crown is made of zirconia ceramics presents more advantages than those made of Co–Cr. All telescopic systems studied, highlighted that by modifying the taper angle from 0° to 2°, the retention forces have decreased, irrespective of the materials used for the fabrication of the primary crown, suggesting that by using a taper angle of 0°, which is known to be ideal, more efficient, and reliable prosthesis can be developed. Thus, even though the ceramic–metallic telescopic system exhibited the highest retention, all telescopic crowns evaluated registered values between 2–7 N, indicating that they are suitable for clinical use.