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Metaphors are figurative expressions frequently appearing daily. Given its significance in downstream natural language processing tasks such as machine translation and sentiment analysis, computational metaphor processing has led to an upsurge in the community. The progress of Artificial Intelligence has incentivized several technological tools and frameworks in this domain. This article aims to comprehensively summarize and categorize previous computational metaphor processing approaches regarding metaphor identification, interpretation, generation, and application. Though studies on metaphor identification have made significant progress, metaphor understanding, conceptual metaphor processing, and metaphor generation still need in-depth analysis. We hope to identify future directions for prospective researchers based on comparing the strengths and weaknesses of the previous works.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse language-image relations in Polish-language Internet memes in which the concept of INFLATION is communicated by means of conceptual metaphors. The memes chosen for this study rely on two modes, which are: written language and static image. With this in mind, this analysis concentrates on a multimodal process of meaning construction by showing how these two modes contribute to the shape of conceptual metaphors that can be identified in connection with a given meme. The meaning construction is seen as a cognitive process in which the final product is a conceptual metaphor characterized by the pattern B is A, where B, being the metaphorical target concept is INFLATION, whereas A, being the metaphorical source domain is a concept linked with the domain HUMAN BEING. With the assumption that meaning is a mental process, the analysis is cognitively oriented, and the adopted model is the extended conceptual metaphor theory (ExCMT) as proposed by Kövecses (2017, 2020). The unquestionable advantage of this model is the fact that being a multi-level theory of metaphor, the ExCMT accounts for the creation of novel metaphors in discourse.

There is an increasing trend in revealing the effect of conceptual metaphor on activities in the context of education. In order to shed light on future studies in this field, it is necessary to review the development and critiques of conceptual metaphor theory in general and applications and previous studies under the context of education in particular. This paper defines the term \"metaphor\" at first and further reviews its implications in constructing the conceptualization of educational-related concepts. Problems and challenges of conceptual metaphor theory are also discussed.

Previous research has found that reading a list of ostensibly unrelated expressions based on the same underlying conceptual metaphor can evoke false recognition on a memory task for new expressions that use the same metaphor, the so-called conceptual metaphor false memory effect. We examined the automaticity of this effect by dividing participants’ attention with a concurrent task. In Study 1, attention was manipulated while participants read the lists of expressions, whereas in Study 2, attention was manipulated both when they read the lists and when they were engaged in the later recognition memory test. Across both studies, the conceptual metaphor false memory effect was observed when conscious processing was limited by dividing attention. These data support the argument that conceptual metaphors are automatically activated when metaphorical expressions are read.

This paper examines the therapeutic potential of twenty-first century music as a means of supplementary therapeutic care for cancer survivorship. It presents a study of songs by Rihanna, Beyoncé, Adele, Coldplay, and Imagine Dragons, which combines the analysis of relevant music features and conceptual metaphors in the lyrics to examine the effect of the songs on the audience. The main aim of this study was to highlight the emotional and cognitive impact of these songs on listeners and identify their potential role in improving the psychological condition of patients with cancer who are downtrodden or reeling from the pain of surgery, chemotherapy, and side effects of treatment. This article adopts the conceptual metaphorical framework proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the metaphor identification procedure (MIP) (Pragglejazz group, 2007) to examine the targeted use of metaphors features in the lyrics of the selected songs. The findings show that although there is a therapeutic potential associated with the songs analyzed, there are also potential risks for patients with cancer. “”.

Conceptual metaphor theory has been criticized due to its emphasis on concepts instead of words and its top-down direction of analysis. In response to these criticisms, this paper employs a new strategy, utilizing established mathematical modeling methods to allow a systematic, quantitative analysis of the entire dataset produced by the Mapping Metaphor project at the University of Glasgow. This dataset consists of 9609 words performing 18916 metaphorical mappings between 414 domains. The data is represented as a network consisting of 414 nodes, the domains, connected by shared words. Words are represented by groups of directed mappings between all domains in which they occur. This is made possible by the use of a directed hypergraph representation, a tool commonly used in discrete mathematics and various areas of computer science but not previously applied to the metaphorical meanings of words. Examining the dataset as a whole, rather than focusing on individual words or metaphors, allows global patterns of behavior to emerge from the data without pre-filtering or selection by the authors. Outcomes of the analysis relating to the distributions of source and target domains within the network, the growth mechanisms at work in the spread of metaphorical meanings and how these relate to existing concepts in CMT are discussed.

Proverbs in English pose a challenge for EFL learners due to their metaphorical nature. This study compared three approaches to enhance EFL students’ proverb comprehension: Conventional-based, Pictorial-based, and Conceptual Metaphor-based. Pre- and post-tests were conducted on 70 EFL students divided into three groups. The Conventional-based Approach was used with 22 students, the Pictorial-based with 25, and the Conceptual Metaphor-based with 23. A one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among the groups. The Conceptual Metaphor-based group outperformed the Conventional-based and Pictorial-based groups. It is recommended that EFL teachers adopt the Conceptual Metaphor-based Approach to deepen proverb understanding and retention. This approach enables learners to uncover the cultural values within proverbs, fostering language proficiency and critical thinking.

Barrows are a prominent feature of Britain's Bronze Age landscape. While they originated as burial monuments, they also appear to have acquired other roles in prehistory. British prehistorians, however, have been hampered in their interpretations of these monuments, as they are wary of speculating about how Bronze Age people might have conceptualised their dead. Here, the authors suggest that a recurring pattern of inversion is significant. They use Conceptual Metaphor Theory to argue that Bronze Age people in Britain saw their dead inhabiting an inverted underworld directly beneath the surface of the earth. This interpretation would explain not only burial practices, but also some of the barrows’ other apparent functions, such as guarding boundaries and controlling routeways.

Conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) holds that most conceptual metaphors are processed unconsciously. However, whether multiple words can be integrated into a holistic metaphoric sentence without consciousness remains controversial in cognitive science and psychology. This study aims to investigate the role of consciousness in processing Chinese nominal metaphoric sentences ‘A是B’ (A is[like] B) with a psychophysical experimental paradigm referred to as breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS). We manipulated sentence types (metaphoric, literal and anomalous) and word forms (upright, inverted) in a two-staged experiment (CFS and non-CFS). No difference was found in the breakthrough times among all three types of sentences in the CFS stage, while literal sentences were detected more slowly than either metaphoric or anomalous sentences in the non-CFS stage. The results suggest that the integration of multiple words may not succeed without the participation of consciousness, let alone metaphoric processing. These findings may redefine ‘unconscious’ in CMT as ‘preconscious’ and support the indirect access view regarding how the metaphoric meaning is processed in the brain.

The history of imperial dynasties in West Asia is replete with examples of remarkable urban foundations. Two notable instances are the Sasanian Ardašīr-xwarrah and the Abbasid Madīnat al-Salām, which can be classified as cosmic cities or heterotopias. This article examines the utopian foundations of these heterotopias. To this end, it analyzes four religious and imperial spaces: the representation of the earth and sky in the Zoroastrian cosmography, Yima’s Vara according to the Avestan texts, Ardašīr-xwarrah, and finally, Madīnat al-Salām. This investigation aims to ascertain the extent to which the spatial characteristics of each of these spaces have been utilized in the production of the subsequent architectural forms. Similarly, it examines the development of the cosmological and eschatological paradise in relation to the Achaemenian and Sasanian royal gardens. The theoretical framework of this study is based on Michael Foucault’s notion of heterotopia, which has been further developed by Henri Lefebvre’s theory of space. The conceptual metaphor theory offers a cognitive linguistic foundation for elucidating the projections of utopias and heterotopias onto one another. To this end, the article focuses on the conceptual metaphor GOD IS A KING.