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Public-private partnerships (PPP) have many critical socio-economic concession variables that need to be determined during the negotiation of the PPP contracts. However, their determination presents complexities to decision-makers due to these components’ interdependencies. Assessing the dynamic and interdependent relationships between the socio-economic concession components can enhance the development of PPP concessions. System dynamics (SD) techniques have provided a holistic system understanding of several complex structures from a holistic perspective. This paper aims to build a novel socio-economic SD model to facilitate the decision-making process for PPP projects via determining and assessing the adequate concession period, concession price (user-payment), government subsidy, and the capital structure (in the form of equity). A case study for a PPP toll-road project (I-4 Ultimate) is utilized to validate the proposed model’s results. Higher concession prices increased net present value (NPV) levels and PPP effectiveness. Simulation results showed that the variables are interdependent, and a change in the value of one variable will lead to a change in the values of the other variables. The results also showed that the concession price (user-payment) has a major influence on the concession variables. The model proposed in this study gives a holistic perspective of the complex interplay between PPP effectiveness and several socio-economic variables and is potentially valuable in facilitating and enhancing the decision-making process for PPP projects. While many scholarly discussions have been fronted on the use of system dynamics modeling in PPPs, the specific and unique combination of concession variables is the ultimate contribution of this study to the existing body of knowledge.

The general provisions of economic analysis of fixed assets under concession are investigated. In view of the need to present the object of the concession by elements of fixed assets, the analyst, first of all, should assess the correctness of their breaking down into individual elements and evaluate the need for the modernization. To this end, forms of reporting, including the analytical sheet of the element distribution of the concession object, are proposed. The analytical sheet has both analytical and accounting character and is formed on the basis of the act or acts confirming that the object of the concession is transferred by the state partner and accepted by the enterprise-concessionaire. The procedure for the analytical assessment of the received concession object by elements is determined. This will allow to establish by how many percent the value of the received object of fixed assets is more or less than the value which was recorded on the balance sheet of the liquidated state / municipal enterprise. The procedure for the analytical assessment of retirement of the elements of the concession object by elements is proposed. This direction of the analytical support for management of operations to modernize the concession object will allow establishing further tasks to be implemented by the concessionaire to acquire fixed assets. To assess the condition of and need for modernization of the concession object and its fixed assets there developed a system of analytical indicators, including: integral coefficient of the accepted value of the concession object by the concessionaire company, element coefficient of the accepted value of the concession object by the concessionaire company; rates of: retirement of the elements of the concession object, need for modernization of the elements of the concession object, need for modernization regarding the elements of the concession object that were taken to the balance of the concessionaire, need for modernization regarding the elements of the concession object with respect to the balance of the liquidated state enterprise, need for modernization regarding the elements of the concession object that retired in the process of transfer and acceptance, need for modernization regarding the elements of the concession object that require modernization). These indicators will allow to analyze the degree of compliance of the accepted concession object with the requirements for operation, and whether it requires the attraction of additional funds for the acquisition of fixed assets.

This paper investigates the integration of environmental sustainability into port concession agreements, addressing mounting environmental challenges and the increasing emphasis on sustainability. Traditionally shaped by economic considerations, these agreements now require a more integrated approach that incorporates environmental sustainability as a core principle. The objective is to identify essential environmental requirements that should be embedded in these agreements to drive significant environmental progress in port operations and development. The methodology includes a comprehensive literature review and an empirical analysis of available concession agreements and reference texts, systematically categorizing critical environmental parameters and performance indicators. The key findings highlight the need for port concession agreements to extend beyond regulatory compliance by incorporating proactive sustainability strategies, imposing clear obligations on concessionaires, and defining relevant key performance indicators (KPIs) for effective monitoring. While awareness of environmental impacts in port concession agreements is increasing, significant progress is still needed to fully integrate sustainability into these frameworks. This paper advocates for a shift toward innovative, forward-thinking approaches that align with both environmental and market realities.

Under modern conditions that require improving qualitative characteristics of information resources generated by an accounting system, the identification of objects and their properties, which is the basis for their further evaluation and reflection in the accounts, is gaining importance. In the course of the study it is found that accounting of operations under a concession agreement has industry specifics. There defined the structure of an accounting system, which is represented by objects that make up and ensure economic activities: business processes; resources received by the concessionaire, owned or acquired by the concessionaire to ensure compliance with the terms of the contract. The features that are taken into account when forming the structure of the accounting objects are determined. The structure and characteristics of the system of objects of accounting in carrying out operations under concession agreements are defined. In particular, the following groups of objects are singed out: non-current assets, current assets, work in progress, construction in progress. In the course of the study it is found that the organization of accounting operations under concession agreements is extremely complex and important at all stages of the formation and implementation of a public-private partnership project in the form of a concession.

This entry proposes an integrative approach to assessing market power in airport retail environments that highlights the impact of strategic and operational factors on the performance of the enterprise in a regulated and restrictive commercial environment. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), this entry discerns and quantifies important factors determining market power using weights that include price flexibility, consumer conduct, brand value, technological uptake rate, and barriers to entry. To support this qualitative analysis, this entry combines a quantitative countervailing power model (CPA/E) and a market penetration model (MPE/A) to determine the levels of retailer penetration in airport authorities and passenger markets. The integration of these models makes it possible to perform a multivariate analysis of market domination, geographical interdependence, and bargaining power. The findings highlight the configurational complexity in strategic positioning in terms of organizational size, dependence levels, and digital preparedness and provide actionable information for airport managers, concession planners, and policymakers determined to maximize lease deals and improve commercial performance in the face of changing risk profiles.

In user-pay public private partnership (PPP) projects, private sectors collect user fees to cover cost and reap revenue. For projects that cannot be self-financed, public sectors usually invest public funds to make them financially feasible. The concession agreement allocates revenues and risks, and lies in the center of balancing public and private interests. However, stakeholders may have contrary opinions regarding the optimization of concession agreement. While private sectors are concerned about earning money, public sectors pay more attention to the efficient use of public funds. To address this challenge, this paper firstly identifies several key concessionary items, including concession period, concession price, capital structure and government subsidy. Then, a multi-objective optimization model is presented using discounted cash flow method, in which key concessionary items act as decision variables and public and private interests are represented by two sub-objectives. Subsequently, the model is solved using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Furthermore, a numerical case based on Beijing No. 4 Metro Line is provided to demonstrate the application of the model. Results show that the proposed model can produce a series of viable combinations of concessionary items that balance public and private interests, which provides practical references for relative decision making activities.

This article is devoted to the examination of models and the selection of optimal parameters for concession agreements pertaining to construction and operation projects within the pipeline infrastructure of the petrochemical sector. Pipelines are underscored as capital-intensive assets crucial for the organization of complex petrochemical production processes. These processes play a vital role in generating added value, tax revenue, employment opportunities, and fostering territorial development while upholding environmental quality standards. This study aims to ascertain the economic parameters of concession agreements, with a focus on achieving a balance of economic interests between the government and businesses. Through a comparative analysis of fundamental economic and mathematical models of concession agreements, the authors model economic parameters to determine the government’s share in investments and concession fees concerning pipeline projects. Subsequently, an oil product pipeline project is discussed as a case study. The results gleaned from this analysis can be harnessed to optimize the parameters of concession agreements and enhance the economic efficiency of project implementation. Economically viable parameters not only facilitate the execution of concession agreements but also foster the generation of added value, social benefits, and environmental oversight, thus aligning with the principles of sustainable development.

Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model of public-private partnerships (PPPs) are among the most popular infrastructure delivery models used by governments across the globe. Yet, concession agreements are criticized for being dispute prone. This study identifies a few areas where BOT projects are often challenged and proposes further interventions. Interviews with the private developers and the transactions advisory provided the necessary evidence for exploring the expectations of revising the BOT Concessions. The study found interventions that the private sector stakeholders suggest. These interventions span over the procurement, construction, and operation phases of the infrastructure delivery and are argued to build a rubber wall that can absorb the impacts of risk events. The suggested interventions would be helpful to policymakers to understand the prevailing challenges and expectations of the private sector developers. Future BOT concessions can be less dispute prone by deliberating and effectuating a mutually beneficial bargaining power. This study did not focus on the public sector perspective and their challenges for not considering these alternatives. Future studies need to expand to make the results more amicable and implementable. BOT concession model is popular but ever evolving. This study challenges the status quo by identifying a few challenges to be considered for increasing its effectiveness.

This article engages with the history of international investment law in the first half of the twentieth century. It traces how international lawyers inscribed their vision of an international legal order protecting private property of Western companies against attempts at nationalization in the wake of socialist revolutions and the decolonization of large parts of the world. The article focuses on the role of ‘general principles of law as recognized by civilized nations’ as building blocks for an international legal order today called international investment law. Rather than describing a direct line between contemporary standards of protection and the invocation of general principles, the article develops conditions of possibility for the emergent field of international investment law. These conditions are located both in arbitral practice, as well as in international legal scholarship of the early twentieth century. Based on the analysis of such arbitrations over disputes resulting from concession agreements and scholarly writings in the interwar period, the contribution draws out the modes of authorization upon which the legal claims advanced by international lawyers rested. At the heart of the vision were ideas of ‘modernity’, ‘civilization’, ‘equity’, and ‘justice’ that enabled a hierarchization of difference, locating Western claims to legality above rivalling claims of socialist and ‘newly independent’ states. These ideas ultimately constituted the paradox of a ‘modern law of nature’ that claimed timeless universality while authorizing the ordering of foreign property in line with Western conceptions of modernity.

The work is devoted to the construction of the railway line as part of an integrated mining project for the successful operation of the mining and processing plant. The purpose of the work is to develop and substantiate a model of a concession agreement for the construction of railway infrastructure, which is indispensable for the successful implementation of a project for the development of the major coal deposit. Methods used in the research are strategic, institutional, investment analysis, method of modeling and forecasting. In the course of the research, it was established that in the Russian Federation the concession mechanism for the construction of railway infrastructure within the frame of a complex project for the development, contributing to its successful implementation, is poorly defined. The scientific work identifies and substantiates the technical and economic indicators of the concession agreement (total mineral transportation volume, railway line capacity), and also pricing parameters (financial model, concession fee, guaranteed minimum income). The possibility of the concession transformation into a quasi-form of public-private partnership for the most efficient implementation of mining projects is analyzed. As a result of the research, concession agreement model, providing the construction of a railway section and infrastructure for the mining project implementation (construction of a mining and concentrating plant), have been obtained. Restriction is the use of the message for industrial purposes.