Explore the vast range of titles available.

Aim： Our previous studies have showed that ursodeoxycholic acid （UA） and jasminoidin （JA） effectively reduce cerebral infarct volume in mice. In this study we explored the pure synergistic mechanism of these compounds in treatment of mouse cerebral ischemia, which was defined as synergistic actions specific for phenotype variations after excluding interference from ineffective compounds. Methods： Mice with focal cerebral ischemia were treated with UA, JA or a combination JA and UA （JU）. Concha margaritifera （CM） was taken as ineffective compound. Cerebral infarct volume of the mice was determined, and the hippocampi were taken for microarray analysis. Particular signaling pathways and biological functions were enriched based on differentially expressed genes, and corresponding networks were constructed through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Results： In phenotype analysis, UA, JA, and JU significantly reduced the ischemic infarct volume with JU being superior to UA or JA alone, while CM was ineffective. As a result, 4 pathways enriched in CM were excluded. Core pathways in the phenotype-positive groups （UA or JA） were involved in neuronal homeostasis and neuropathology. JU-contributing pathways included all UA-contributing and the majority （71.7%） of JA-contributing pathways, and 10 new core pathways whose effects included inflammatory immunity, apoptosis and nervous system development. The functions of JU group included all functions of JA group, the majority （93.1%） of UA-contributing functions, and 3 new core functions, which focused on physiological system development and function. Conclusion： The pure synergism between UA and JA underlies 10 new core pathways and 3 new core functions, which are involved in inflammation, immune responses, apoptosis and nervous system development.

The distribution of elements in shells of the freshwater pearl mussel,Margaritifera margaritifera from the River Vramsaan, southern Sweden, was analyzed with high temporal resolution with the nuclear microscope SLIM-UP. The results show: (1) annual variations of strontium and manganese; the variation of Sr is anticorrelated to that of Mn with high Sr concentrations on the winter lines, and high Mn in the summer; whereas the high Mn concentration in the summer correlates to a depletion in oxygen in the surrounding water; (2) high Sr concentrations on growth disurbance lines; (3) an ontogenetical variation of Sr with high concentrations in younger stages; and (4) a long-term decrease of Mn in the shells. The long-term decrease of Mn is also consistent with results from Neutron Activation Analysis.