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"Confectionery History."
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Sugar : a global history
\"Sugar is one of the most beloved substances consumed by humans, and also one of the most reviled. It has come to dominate our diets-- whether in candy, desserts, soft drinks or even bread and pasta sauces-- for better and for worse. This fascinating history of this addictive ingredient reveals its incredible value as a global commodity and explores its darker legacies of slavery and widespread obesity.\"--Dust jacket.
Book
Refined tastes
American consumers today regard sugar as a mundane and sometimes even troublesome substance linked to hyperactivity in children and other health concerns. Yet two hundred years ago American consumers treasured sugar as a rare commodity and consumed it only in small amounts. In Refined Tastes: Sugar, Confectionery, and Consumers in Nineteenth-Century America, Wendy A. Woloson demonstrates how the cultural role of sugar changed from being a precious luxury good to a ubiquitous necessity. Sugar became a social marker that established and reinforced class and gender differences.During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Woloson explains, the social elite saw expensive sugar and sweet confections as symbols of their wealth. As refined sugar became more affordable and accessible, new confections-children's candy, ice cream, and wedding cakes-made their way into American culture, acquiring a broad array of social meanings. Originally signifying male economic prowess, sugar eventually became associated with femininity and women's consumerism. Woloson's work offers a vivid account of this social transformation-along with the emergence of consumer culture in America.
eBook
Development and validation of a lifestyle-based model for colorectal cancer risk prediction: the LiFeCRC score
Background
Nutrition and lifestyle have been long established as risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). Modifiable lifestyle behaviours bear potential to minimize long-term CRC risk; however, translation of lifestyle information into individualized CRC risk assessment has not been implemented. Lifestyle-based risk models may aid the identification of high-risk individuals, guide referral to screening and motivate behaviour change. We therefore developed and validated a lifestyle-based CRC risk prediction algorithm in an asymptomatic European population.
Methods
The model was based on data from 255,482 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study aged 19 to 70 years who were free of cancer at study baseline (1992–2000) and were followed up to 31 September 2010. The model was validated in a sample comprising 74,403 participants selected among five EPIC centres. Over a median follow-up time of 15 years, there were 3645 and 981 colorectal cancer cases in the derivation and validation samples, respectively. Variable selection algorithms in Cox proportional hazard regression and random survival forest (RSF) were used to identify the best predictors among plausible predictor variables. Measures of discrimination and calibration were calculated in derivation and validation samples. To facilitate model communication, a nomogram and a web-based application were developed.
Results
The final selection model included age, waist circumference, height, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, vegetables, dairy products, processed meat, and sugar and confectionary. The risk score demonstrated good discrimination overall and in sex-specific models. Harrell’s C-index was 0.710 in the derivation cohort and 0.714 in the validation cohort. The model was well calibrated and showed strong agreement between predicted and observed risk. Random survival forest analysis suggested high model robustness. Beyond age, lifestyle data led to improved model performance overall (continuous net reclassification improvement = 0.307 (95% CI 0.264–0.352)), and especially for young individuals below 45 years (continuous net reclassification improvement = 0.364 (95% CI 0.084–0.575)).
Conclusions
LiFeCRC score based on age and lifestyle data accurately identifies individuals at risk for incident colorectal cancer in European populations and could contribute to improved prevention through motivating lifestyle change at an individual level.
Journal Article
Adherence to food-based dietary guidelines among adolescents in Germany according to socio-economic status and region: results from Eating Study as a KiGGS Module (EsKiMo) II
Dietary habits developed during childhood and adolescence are likely to continue into adulthood. An unbalanced diet may cause nutrient deficiencies and excessive energy intake; these enhance the risk for developing overweight and obesity and their co-morbidities. In the present analysis, food consumption of adolescents is described and evaluated against German food-based dietary guidelines with special focus on socio-economic status (SES) and region of residence.
Within the 'German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents' (KiGGS Wave 2), the cross-sectional 'Eating Study as a KiGGS Module' (EsKiMo II) was conducted from 2015 until 2017 to provide data about dietary behaviour.
Germany.
1353 adolescents aged 12-17 years from a nationwide representative sample with food consumption data from computer-assisted dietary history interviews.
The median consumption of fruits, vegetables, starchy foods and milk/dairy products among adolescents in Germany was below the recommendation. The median consumption of both meat/meat products and unfavourable foods, like confectionery, which should be consumed sparingly, was about 1·5 times the recommended amount. The total amount of beverages consumed by most adolescents was above the minimum amount recommended. Soft drink consumption of adolescents with a low SES was three to five times higher than soft drink consumption of adolescents with a high SES.
The results indicate the need for an improvement of dietary habits among adolescents in Germany. Further approaches to promote healthy diets in Germany should be continued, and the focus on social inequalities should be strengthened.
Journal Article
Sherbet & spice : the complete story of Turkish sweets and desserts
A study of Turkish sweets and desserts, based on many little known Turkish sources.
Book
Morten Thaysen-Andersen
Sydney’s beauty, candy-store lollies and a community view of glycoproteomics software.
Journal Article
Birch Watching: The Anti-Defamation League and Countermobilization Against the Radical Right
Today and its liberal allies assisted local activists in setting up \"Birch Watching\" organizations to monitor and combat right-wingers in their communities, built detailed files o as in 1923–1924, the moderate conservative upper-class community has finally been aroused to the threat to its position and values represented by the radical right.1 Hofstadter, Bell, and Lipset were wrong.2 The radical right was not a spent force in American politics, and the growth of the John Birch Society in the early 1960s sufficiently alarmed them that in 1962 they issued an expanded and updated version of Bell's 1955 edited volume The Radical Right. The ADLn individuals and groups associated with the John Birch Society, and assisted activists and reporters with background information about local Birch leaders. Founded by retired candy manufacturer Robert Welch at a meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana in December 1958, its founding membership was a motley assortment of prominent businessmen associated with the National Association of Manufacturers and ex-military men, as well as Oliver, who was the odd man out as a distinguished classicist at the University of Illinois. The John Franklin Letters, an anonymously authored 1959 novel that received glowing reviews in the Birch magazine American Opinion, illustrates what Oliver had in mind: in the book, an underground militant organization of \"patriots\" violently overthrows the communist-controlled United States government.8 Welch's clandestine strategy became a moot point in July 1960, when a series of articles in the Chicago Daily News exposed both the existence of the group and of Welch's outré political views, including his belief that President Dwight D. Eisenhower was a dedicated communist agent.
Journal Article
Failure Analysis of Welded Joint in Superheater Tube in a Waste Incineration Boiler
The premature failure of welded joints of superheater in the waste incineration boiler was investigated. The chemical composition and microstructure the welded joints met the requirements. The hardness of the base metals met the requirements of the manufacturing standards, with a higher than nominal hardness in the heat-affected zone. The fracture surface showed a classic rock candy intergranular brittle fracture. The cracks initiated from the fusion line on the inside surfaces of 12Cr1MoVG side and propagated with branching to the outer wall. The finite element simulation confirmed that the cracks initiated in the high thermal stress area. After an initial, unrelated leak had occurred, and improper measures, the corrosive alkaline boil-out solution entered the superheater and concentrated, the crack was induced by the simultaneous interaction of a corrosive environment and high tensile stress. The failure mechanism was identified as stress corrosion cracking. It might be avoided by ensuring free thermal expansion and prevention of corrosive alkaline boil-out solution intrusion.
Journal Article