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Records of Dispossession
No issue in the Arab-Israeli conflict has proven more intractable than the status of the Palestinian refugees. This work focuses on the controversial question of the property left behind by the refugees during the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948. Beyond discussing the extent of the refugees'losses and detailing the methods by which Israel expropriated this property, the book also notes the ways that the property question has affected, and in turn been affected by, the wider Arab-Israeli conflict over the decades. It shows how the property question influenced Arab-Israeli diplomacy and discusses the implications of the fact that the question remains unresolved despite numerous diplomatic efforts. From late 1947 through 1948, more than 726,000 Palestinians—over half the entire population—were uprooted from their homes and villages. Though some middle class refugees were able to flee with liquid capital, the majority were small-scale farmers whose worldly fortunes were the land, livestock, and crops they left behind. This book tells for the first time the full story of how much property changed hands, what it was worth, and how it was used by the fledgling state of Israel. It then traces the subsequent decades of diplomatic activity on the issue and publishes previously secret UN estimates of the scope and value of the refugee property. Michael Fischbach offers a detailed study of Israeli counterclaims for Jewish property lost in the Arab world, diplomatic schemes for resolving the conflict, secret compensation efforts, and the renewed diplomatic efforts on behalf of property claims since the onset of Arab-Israeli peace talks. Based largely on archival records, including those of the United Nations Conciliation Commission of Palestine, never before available to the public and kept under lock and key in the UN archives, Records of Dispossession is the first detailed historical examination of the Palestinian refugee property question.
eBook
LANDSCAPING PALESTINE: REFLECTIONS OF ENCLOSURE IN A HISTORICAL MIRROR
When in 1989 the Berlin Wall fell, and South African apartheid soon followed, it appeared even to political realists of the period that such systems, with their landscapes of walls and practices of separation, would rapidly be consigned to historical memory. In one of the great ironies of recent history, however, a new generation of such landscapes is proliferating in the wake of 1989, used by practitioners of power to promote systems of segregation and control movements of groups designated as threats by virtue of their representation as “other.” Reflecting collective psychologies of fear, these environments range from urban-based gated communities, where class prejudices against the poor and apprehension about crime coalesce in “fortified enclaves” within Cities of Walls, to borderlands between nation–states where hostility to immigrants and prejudices against ethnic others converge in creating what scholars describe as The Wall Around the West. Despite differences, these landscapes share a similar aim: they use built environments as defensive fortifications to preempt the circulation of people across territorial space based on class, religious, and ethnic divides. In this way, gated communities in São Paulo and Los Angeles, the walled borderlands of Melilla and Ceuta separating the European Union from Africa, and the walled border of Operation Gatekeeper separating the United States from Mexico, are broadly comparable.
Journal Article
The Christians of Palestine: Strength, Vulnerability, and Self-restraint within a Multi-sectarian Community
Based on fieldwork in the Bethlehem area, this article uses the issue of internal land disputes as a starting point to describe a series of developments that have served to weaken the Christian communities in Palestine, and to identify some dilemmas they face, as Palestinians and as members of a minority community in Palestine. The article describes a situation where a weak and dysfunctional legal system under the Palestinian Authority (PA) has left Palestinians dependent on family and community networks for security and protection. Due to a history of emigration, combined with distinct social and demographic characteristics, Christian Palestinians find themselves in a position of structural vulnerability, subject to land theft and other criminal violation. Cautious about igniting sectarian divisions, Christian community leaders have a hard time addressing these issues within a public discourse. Fearful of harming Palestinian national interests, they are also reluctant to utilize international contacts and seek external support to secure their own rights and interests in Palestine. The article argues that this reflects both a commitment to an ethos of national unity among Christian Palestinians, and an acute awareness of the impact of 'framing' in preserving sectarian harmony.
Journal Article
Al-Aqsa Mosque: Do Not Intrude
The immediate meeting between HM Jordanian King Abdullah II, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu must have addressed the situation at AlAqsa Mosque, for there were practically no restrictions for a few weeks, before the occupation authorities went back to their old counterproductive and dangerous habits. Article \"c\" of the preamble, which is an integral part of the above agreement, offers the following definition of Al-Aqsa Mosque/Al-Haram Al-Sharif: Recalling the unique religious importance, to all Muslims, of A1 Masjid Al Aqsa with its 144 dunums, which include the Qibli Mosque of Al Aqsa, the Mosque of the Dome of the Rock and all its mosques, buildings, walls, courtyards, attached areas over and beneath the ground and the Waqf properties tied-up to A1 Masjid Al Aqsa, to its environs or to its pilgrims (hereinafter referred to as \"Al Haram Al Sharif').
Journal Article
Israeli-Palestinian Relations: Point of No Return
The Council held Israel responsible for the failure to revive the negotiations process, which was deadlocked as a result of Israel's policy of ongoing settlement activities, which increased by 40% in 2014; its refusal to demarcate the borders of the two states on the June 1967 borders; its refusal to release the last of the Palestinian prisoners detained before the Oslo Accords, as previously agreed; its escalation of attacks, assassinations, raids, land confiscation, Separation Wall construction, collective punishment policies and house demolitions; its denial of the signed agreements; its continued blockade of the Gaza Strip by land, sea and air; its periodic seizure of the Palestinian people's funds; its withholding of other financial dues; and its attempt to transform the conflict into a religious conflict by trying to change the status quo in al-Haram al Sharif; and its demand for the recognition of Israel as a Jewish state; in addition to other policies that embody the establishment of an apartheid state on the ground. [...]the PLO Central Council decided that it would continue its efforts to seek a UN Security Council resolution to end the Israeli occupation within a set timeframe and to obtain recognition of the State of Palestine on the June 4, 1967 Green Line borders.
Journal Article
Casualty of war: censuring truth in Palestine
In its report, HRW calls upon the enabling nations to cease providing aid to all agencies, regardless of affiliation, implicated in serious violations of human rights and to publicly criticize abuses committed by West Bank and Gaza security forces. Without such intercession by the international community, Israel, Hamas and Fatah will continue restricting freedom of expression, abusing journalists, closing media offices, confiscating equipment, preventing the distribution of newspapers, and assaulting journalists during demonstrations-all of which serve to prevent information from reaching those directly affected.
Journal Article
THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORIES
The right to property was accorded the status of a human right as a result of its incorporation in international human rights instruments in the second part of the twentieth century. The right has acquired special importance as part of the freedom of the individual, his economic autonomy in modern democratic societies and generally as a significant element for the development of the individual's personality.1 Its recognition as a separate human right and its legal protection on an international level was the result of gradual efforts. It is still in the process of further legal elaboration, as regards both its scope and effect, by legal theory and jurisprudence.
Journal Article
Economic aspects of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict: the collapse of the Oslo Accord
Since October 2000 Israel and the Palestinians of the West Bank and Gaza Strip have become entangled in a bloody confrontation. This paper focuses on the economic relationship between the Israeli economy and the Palestinian economy of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the ways in which this has contributed to the collapse of the Oslo Accord. The paper finds that Israeli policies have distorted and weakened the Palestinian economy, particularly in the areas of trade (dependence upon one major trade partner), taxation (loss of revenues to finance development spending) as well as in the labour market (controls on labour flows) and in Palestinian access to land (including land confiscation). As a result, besides income compression, poverty and unemployment have risen in the Palestinian territories. Two central issues of the conflict need to be addressed: the Palestinian right to sovereignty over their land and their right to free their economy from colonial dependency on Israel. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal Article
The Presbyterian Divestiture Vote and the Jewish Response
Stockton discusses the impact of the Presbyterian General Assemby's decision of voting a divestiture of stock from companies that supported or profited from Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories. To a human-rights activist, the issues were clear: home demolitions, detentions, check points, identity cards, land confiscation, uprooting of trees, and pervasive military presence. While the earlier divestiture movement challenged American foreign policy, the supporters of that movement argued persuasively that US policy was out step with American values.
Journal Article