Explore the vast range of titles available.

Fallen trees enter the adjacent stream and are carried away downstream by the current. As the stream joins another one, the complex hydrodynamics near their confluence make the movement of wood hard to predict. These woods may accumulate near the confluence resulting in backwater and subsequent potential flooding. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the movement and accumulation behavior of individual pieces of wood near the confluence. The characteristics of wood (i.e., the length, diameter, and density) and the hydraulic conditions (i.e., the discharge ratio and the release distance) were varied in this investigation. It was found that the wooden pieces released from the tributary got occasionally trapped in the flow separation zone of the confluence, whereupon they were mainly trapped by a clockwise vortex and continued to stay driven by a reverse cluster of currents within this zone. The accumulation probability of wood was mainly related to its length, the discharge ratio and the release distance. The effect of wood diameter and density within the tested parameters was negligible. The probability increased with an increase in the discharge ratio as well as a decrease in the release distance. The longer pieces had a higher probability of being trapped, whereas for those exceeding some critical value, the probability was nearly the same, or dropped sharply. A generalized model for wood accumulation near the confluence was developed for practical application. These findings carry significant implications for river management, particularly in preventing the risk of flooding caused by wood blockage. Key Points Conducting a laboratory study to investigate the transport, accumulation and trapping mechanism of wood near the confluence Evaluating the wood accumulation probability depending on different wood characteristics and confluence hydrodynamic conditions Wood released from the tributary may be trapped by the clockwise vortex and thus accumulate in the separation zone

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216541.].

Despite decades of research on hydro‐morphodynamic processes at open‐channel confluences, significant discrepancies persist between flume experiments and field observations. This study investigated the underlying causes by compiling and comparing geometric and hydraulic parameters from both natural confluences and laboratory setups. The analysis suggested that these discrepancies largely stem from unrealistic boundary conditions commonly used in experimental designs. To address this issue, this study developed an improved physical model of concordant confluences that more accurately replicated the morpho‐hydraulic characteristics of natural confluences. Key features included a smooth downstream junction, a large post‐confluence width‐to‐depth ratio, downstream channel widening, representative junction angle and discharge ratio. This experiment avoided the unrealistic large separation zone and scour holes near the downstream junction corner caused by sharp‐angled junction. Large Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy within the shear layer primarily drove scour hole formation, while streamwise‐oriented vortical cells offered additional contributions. In contrast, flow acceleration along the main channel promoted scour step development through low‐intensity sediment redistribution. This study presented a more realistic and representative physical model for simulating hydro‐morphodynamics at confluences with concordant beds and helped bridge the gap between laboratory findings and field‐scale dynamics.

Initially these were Franklin's main collaborators: her colleague at King's College London, biophysicist Maurice Wilkins, and molecular biologists Francis Crick and James Watson at the University of Cambridge, UK. X-ray diffraction data from Franklin, Wilkins and Franklin's student Raymond Gosling. Besides this confluence of theory and experiment - which Watson and Crick did not acknowledge in their original paper - management support was essential to the project's success. D. Bernal observed in his obituary of Franklin that she was an enthusiastic collaborator and mentor, and happier at Birkbeck College in London than King's, leading a team that worked on the tobacco mosaic virus.

In a channel confluence, different hydrodynamic characteristics can significantly affect the flow structure. As the main and tributary flow converges at the confluence, they are constrained by the recirculation zone, resulting in streamline contraction and an increase in flow velocity, thereby creating a zone of maximum velocity adjacent to the maximum width of the recirculation zone. The maximum flow velocity governs pollutant transport about a confluence and also influences bed erosion; thus, an accurate determination of the maximum flow velocity is crucial. In the present study, a statistical methodology was applied to validate the feasibility of substituting the maximum flow velocity at the widest section of the recirculation zone with the longitudinal maximum flow velocity. Two distinct models were formulated to address the transition between two mixing modes in the shear layer. In the wake mode, the two‐control volume approach was applied, using the lowest velocity within the shear layer as a boundary to partition the contracted flow into two control volumes. In the mixing‐layer mode, the contracted flow was treated as a single control volume. Those semi‐analytical models were validated using 3D numerical results and experimental data collected in laboratory‐scale confluence. The validation results demonstrate that both the proposed models could be applied to their respective shear layer modes to accurately predict the maximum longitudinal flow velocity.

According to confluence model theorizing, pornography use contributes to sexual violence, but only among men who are predisposed to sexual aggression. Support for this assertion is limited to cross-sectional research, which cannot speak to the temporal ordering of assumed causes and consequences. To address this issue, we employed generalized linear mixed modeling to determine whether hostile masculinity, impersonal sexuality, and pornography use, and their interactions, predicted change in the odds of subsequently reported sexual aggression in two independent panel samples of male Croatian adolescents ( N 1  = 936 with 2808 observations; N 2  = 743 with 2972 observations). While we observed the link between hostile masculinity and self-reported sexual aggression in both panels, we found no evidence that impersonal sexuality and pornography use increased the odds of subsequently reporting sexual aggression—regardless of participants’ predisposed risk. This study’s findings are difficult to reconcile with the view that pornography use plays a causal role in male sexual violence.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex genetic disease that is instigated and amplified by the confluence of multiple genetic and environmental variables that perturb the immune–microbiome axis. The challenge of dissecting pathological mechanisms underlying IBD has led to the development of transformative approaches in human genetics and functional genomics. Here we describe IBD as a model disease in the context of leveraging human genetics to dissect interactions in cellular and molecular pathways that regulate homeostasis of the mucosal immune system. Finally, we synthesize emerging insights from multiple experimental approaches into pathway paradigms and discuss future prospects for disease-subtype classification and therapeutic intervention. This Review examines inflammatory bowel disease in the context of human genetics studies that help to identify pathways that regulate homeostasis of the mucosal immune system and discusses future prospects for disease-subtype classification and therapeutic intervention.

Large rivers exhibit dynamic and complex geomorphic features, supporting some of the most biodiverse and ecologically productive ecosystems. However, their aquatic ecology is increasingly threatened by human modifications to natural channel morphology. The lack of systematic investigation and understanding of the interactions between hydrodynamics, water quality, and aquatic ecology within large‐scale, morphologically complex rivers has led to fragmented ecological management. This study investigates the large‐scale responses of fish communities to complex channel morphologies through two comprehensive field surveys of hydrodynamics, water quality, and fish distribution along a ∼30 km reach of the Yangtze River, encompassing channel narrowing, bifurcation, and the Yangtze River‐Poyang Lake cascading confluence system. Both surveys observed elevated fish densities at the confluence and narrowing section, particularly with a distinct Confluence Hydro‐Ecological Zone (CHEZ) within the post‐confluence channel, marked by a pronounced increase in fish density and species diversity relative to both upstream and downstream sections. Mixing dynamics driven by the confluence momentum ratio (Mr) regulate the CHEZ: slow mixing in the equivalent momentum regime (Mr ≈ 1) amplified the increase in fish density within the CHEZ, while rapid mixing in the unequal momentum regime (Mr >> 1) weakened such effect but expanded the CHEZ. Density of large fish was primarily influenced by water depth and water‐quality variability, whereas density of small fish was driven by seasonal population dynamics and hydrodynamic conditions. This study highlights that a comprehensive understanding of hydrodynamic configurations, water‐quality contrasts, and seasonal biological dynamics at confluences can inform process‐based strategies for sustainable river management.

This paper furthers the study on the confluence number of a graph. In particular results for certain derivative graphs such as the line graph of trees, cactus graphs, linear Jaco graphs and novel graph operations are reported.

An abelian network is a collection of communicating automata whose state transitions and message passing each satisfy a local commutativity condition. This paper is a continuation of the abelian networks series of Bond and Levine (2016), for which we extend the theory of abelian networks that halt on all inputs to networks that can run forever. A nonhalting abelian network can be realized as a discrete dynamical system in many different ways, depending on the update order. We show that certain features of the dynamics, such as minimal period length, have intrinsic definitions that do not require specifying an update order. We give an intrinsic definition of the This perspective leads to new results even in the classical case of sinkless rotor networks (deterministic analogues of random walks). In Holroyd et. al (2008) it was shown that the recurrent configurations of a sinkless rotor network with just one chip are precisely the unicycles (spanning subgraphs with a unique oriented cycle, with the chip on the cycle). We generalize this result to abelian mobile agent networks with any number of chips. We give formulas for generating series such as