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Delirium may lead to adverse outcomes in patients with serious conditions, but is often under-diagnosed due to inadequate screening. The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) is an established method for assessing delirium in the ICU. The validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the CAM-ICU has not, however, been verified, and we undertook this study to verify these parameters. CAM-ICU validity and reliability were assessed in two Japanese ICUs. Using the evaluation of the DMS-IV-TR in the psychiatrists group as the standard criteria for delirium diagnosis, we compared the evaluation of the Japanese version of the CAM-ICU between the research nurses group and the staff nurses group. According to DSM-IV-TR criteria, the prevalence of delirium was 22.0%, and according to CAM-ICU delirium was found in 22.0% with Research Nurses and 19.5% with Staff Nurses. CAM-ICU sensitivity ratings were 83% and 78%, while their specificity ratings were 95% and 97%, respectively. The Kappa inter-rater reliability was good (κ=0.85), and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.57–0.79). Mean rating time for the CAM-ICU was 2.5–2.8minutes for Research Nurses and Staff Nurses, respectively. The Japanese version of the CAM-ICU has comparable validity and reliability as a delirium assessment tool in surgical patients in two Japanese ICUs. With training, CAM-ICU can be incorporated into daily clinical practice.

The patient may be having delusions and/or hallucinations. Because this patient’s history is not known, it is possible he escaped from a care facility, which could explain his fairly well kept appearance, or he could have experienced the sudden development of delirium. Most of the medications studied were intended for long-term use rather than use of a one-time dose in an acute situation, and for every study that supported the use of a drug, another study recommended avoidance of that drug at all costs.

Function‐focused care (FFC) is a rehabilitative philosophy of care with which nurses help patients engage in activities of daily living and physical activity with the goal of preventing avoidable functional decline. This prospective, observational study described the degree of FFC provided by nursing staff to Chinese American (n= 32) and non‐Chinese American (n = 43) older adults in medical‐surgical units of an urban hospital. In both groups, only a few ADLs were a focus of FFC. Loss of physical function occurred, and physical function did not return to baseline by discharge in both groups; however, FFC was associated with less decline. Results suggest that hospitalized elders, both Chinese American and non‐Chinese American, can benefit from nurse‐led FFC. FFC may help minimize functional decline and decrease the use of postacute care rehabilitation. The gerontological rehabilitation nurse can play an essential role, guiding a function‐focused approach throughout the hospital stay, including with the transitional care plan.

This article describes the development and implementation of a wandering screening and intervention program based on identifying hospitalized patients with impaired cognition and mobility. A wandering screening tool developed by a multidisciplinary team was linked to appropriate levels of interventions available in the electronic health record. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) confirmed the accuracy of screening and interventions by bedside nurses for all patients who screened positive. Of 1,528 patients hospitalized during a 3-week period, 48 (3.1%) screened positive for wandering. At-risk patients were older (age ≥ 65) (66.7%), those admitted to surgical units (41.7%), Caucasian (89.6%), and men (58.3%). Thirteen (27.1%) had dementia and 45 (93.8%) had impaired cognition. Of those patients who screened positive for wandering, the APNs agreed with the bedside nurses' assessment in 79.2% of cases (38/48) about wandering risk and 89.5% (34/38 true positives) for the interventions. A two-item wandering screening tool and intervention was feasible for use by bedside nurses. Further studies are needed to determine whether this tool is effective in preventing wandering.

This article discusses the management of acute confusion and aggression in patients with infections of the central nervous system (CNS). The issues discussed are applicable to the management of acute confusion of any cause and the principles of care apply to all confused patients. The article addresses many of the challenges encountered by nurses caring for confused patients, including the recognition of acute confusion, use of screening tools, and the management and treatment of these patients.

Surgery unit nurses often deal with older people in an acute confusional state (ACS). To care for them, nurses must resort to different patterns of knowing, including empirical, esthetic, ethical, personal and emancipatory. According to Chinn and Kramer (2008), it is by consciously and deliberately asking themselves critical questions about specific clinical situations that nurses can enhance their knowledge and improve practice. In this regard, narrative pedagogy developed by Diekelmann (2001), which encourages sharing lived experiences and seeking other possibilities for the future, seems a well suited approach. This article presents the theoretical bases of narrative pedagogy and the grounds for an intervention inspired by this approach and intended for nurses who must care for hospitalized older people in an ACS. This innovative pedagogical intervention, which encourages nurses to participate actively in their learning, is consistent with recent empirical works on continuing education of health professionals.

The age of the population is increasing dramatically, and the age of the surgical population parallels that of the general population. This is occurring at a time when there are fewer health care providers with geriatric expertise in all disciplines. All health care providers must be knowledgeable about the normal changes of aging and must understand communication challenges with older adult patients. Health care providers must understand the specific risks and benefits of surgery and perform a complete individualized preoperative assessment to improve older adult patients' outcomes. AORN J 90 (August 2009) 223–240. © AORN, Inc, 2009.

To examine the delegation of medication administration, including the frequency of delegation, whether delegation was to a care worker or a registered nurse (RN) and whether care workers were directly supervised when administering medication. Administration of 1313 medication doses was observed on two inpatient psychiatric wards for older people. Administration was delegated by the nurse preparing the medication for four out of every five doses, usually to another registered nurse (78% of delegated doses), but also to care workers (22%). Care workers were more likely to administer medications to confused and aggressive patients than were registered nurses. Care workers who undertake delegated medication administration should receive regular training to ensure safety. Nurses remain accountable for delegated medication administration.

Although people age at different rates, changes to the composition of the human body are a hallmark of aging. As a result of such changes, disease can present differently in a person over 65 years old than it would in a younger adult or child. This article identifies the critical indicators of underlying conditions, including changes in mental status, loss of function, decrease in appetite, dehydration, falls, pain, dizziness, and incontinence. It also describes the presentation of diseases common to older adults, including depression, infection, cardiac disease, gastrointestinal disorders, thyroid disease, and type 2 diabetes.

The Hmong began arriving to the United States as refugees in the mid 1970s and constitute a growing number of the population. Little is known about the prevalence and care of dementia in Hmong elderly individuals. The purpose of this article is to discuss the traditional beliefs and treatment of tem toob (memory impairment) within the Hmong culture. This includes a discussion of the authors' encounters with Hmong herbalists in open-air markets during a journey in Laos and Thailand. A story cloth is then featured to discuss a shamanic healing ceremony for an elderly woman with tem toob. Nursing implications are discussed. Note: The Hmong language used in this article is consistent with the White Hmong dialect.