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"Conquerors"
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The conquistadors : a very short introduction
With startling speed, Spanish conquistadors invaded hundreds of Native American kingdoms, took over the mighty empires of the Aztecs and Incas, and initiated an unprecedented redistribution of the world's resources and balance of power. They changed the course of history, but the myth they established was even stranger than their real achievements. This Very Short Introduction deploys the latest scholarship to shatter and replace the traditional narrative. Chapters explore New World civilizations prior to the invasions, the genesis of conquistador culture on both sides of the Atlantic, the roles black Africans and Native Americans played, and the consequences of the invasions.
Book
Go-betweens and the Colonization of Brazil
Doña Marina (La Malinche) ...Pocahontas ...Sacagawea-their names live on in historical memory because these women bridged the indigenous American and European worlds, opening the way for the cultural encounters, collisions, and fusions that shaped the social and even physical landscape of the modern Americas. But these famous individuals were only a few of the many thousands of people who, intentionally or otherwise, served as \"go-betweens\" as Europeans explored and colonized the New World.
In this innovative history, Alida Metcalf thoroughly investigates the many roles played by go-betweens in the colonization of sixteenth-century Brazil. She finds that many individuals created physical links among Europe, Africa, and Brazil-explorers, traders, settlers, and slaves circulated goods, plants, animals, and diseases. Intercultural liaisons produced mixed-race children. At the cultural level, Jesuit priests and African slaves infused native Brazilian traditions with their own religious practices, while translators became influential go-betweens, negotiating the terms of trade, interaction, and exchange. Most powerful of all, as Metcalf shows, were those go-betweens who interpreted or represented new lands and peoples through writings, maps, religion, and the oral tradition. Metcalf's convincing demonstration that colonization is always mediated by third parties has relevance far beyond the Brazilian case, even as it opens a revealing new window on the first century of Brazilian history.
eBook
Orbis Non Sufficit
This paper uses the context of early modern English colonialism and empire building to propose a new reading of Francis Godwin’s The Man in the Moone. My reading of this text focuses on Godwin’s narrator, the Spanish picaro Domingo Gonsales, and postulates that the choice to fictionalize a Spaniard’s lunar voyage is deeply tied to Godwin’s personal anxieties over the state of Spanish colonialism and the nescient English Empire. By choosing a Spanish protagonist over an Englishman, Godwin is able to explore the logical conclusion of the Spanish imperial project—colonization that has subsumed terrestrial conquest and moved into the celestial spheres. When The Man in the Moone suggests that a Spaniard is already beginning to make the transition to extraterrestrial colonization, Godwin is forced to confront the possibility that an English alternative to Spanish colonialism may no longer be possible.
Journal Article
Hamish Christopher Wilson
An all-round ‘GP’ vet with a special interest in the work he did as an official veterinarian. A passion for fast cars, motorcycles and skiing meant he lived life to the full.
Journal Article
Establishing Colonial Rule in a Frontier Encomienda: Chile’s Copiapó Valley under Francisco de Aguirre and His Kin, 1549–1580
This article explores how Francisco de Aguirre used the Copiapó Valley encomienda to negotiate political power during the transition from conquest to colonial rule in northern Chile. Simultaneously, we analyze the circumstances of how a native society was incorporated into the Spanish Empire after a decade of fighting and resistance on the fringes of the empire. The strategic use of the fear of native rebellions to close the road from Peru to Chile gave Aguirre enough power to negotiate an important political position, which in the future would clash with the colonial authorities. Copiapó Valley’s peripheral location in the southernmost Atacama Desert constituted a political gray zone for the colonial administration. This space contributed to consolidating power for Aguirre and enabled locals some negotiation power within the possibilities afforded by the colonial system. Este artículo explora como Francisco de Aguirre utilizó la encomienda del Valle de Copiapó para negociar poder político durante la transición entre la conquista al dominio colonial en el norte de Chile. Simultáneamente analizamos las circunstancias de como una sociedad indígena fue incorporada dentro del imperio español luego de una década de lucha y resistencia en los márgenes del imperio. El uso estratégico del miedo a que rebeliones indígenas cerrasen el paso del camino de Perú a Chile le dio a Aguirre suficiente poder para negociar una posición política importante, la cual en el futuro entraría en conflicto con las autoridades coloniales. La ubicación periférica del Valle de Copiapó en la parte más austral del desierto de Atacama constituyó una zona gris para la administración colonial. Este espacio ayudó a consolidar el poder de Aguirre y le permitió a las poblaciones locales obtener algún poder de negociación dentro de las posibilidades que entregaba el sistema colonial.
Journal Article
Death in the Snow
Pedro de Alvarado is best known as Cortés's right-hand man in the conquest of Mexico and the ruthless conqueror of Guatemala. Less known is his intent to intrude in the conquest of Peru and lay claim to the riches of the Inca Empire. Death in the Snow conveys the delusions of one headstrong conquistador and mourns the loss of countless Indigenous lives, casualties of Alvarado's lust for fame and fortune.
eBook
\The Making of Europe\
In \"The Making of Europe\": Essays in Honour of Robert Bartlett, a group of distinguished contributors analyse processes of conquest, colonization and cultural change in Europe in the tenth to fourteenth centuries.
eBook