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"Conscience"
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Bold conscience : Luther to Shakespeare to Milton
How the conscience in early modern England emerged as a fulcrum for public action
Bold Conscience chronicles the shifting conception of conscience in early modern England, as it evolved from a faculty of restraint—what Shakespeare labels “coward conscience”—to one of bold and forthright self-assertion. The concept of conscience played an important role in post-Reformation England, from clerical leaders to laymen, not least because of its central place in determining loyalties during the English Civil War and the regicide of King Charles I. Yet the most complex and lasting perspectives on conscience emerged from deliberately literary voices—William Shakespeare, John Donne, and John Milton.
Joshua Held argues that literary texts by these authors transform the idea of conscience as a private, shameful state to one of boldness fit for navigating both royal power and common dissent in the public realm. Held tracks the increasing political power of conscience from Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Henry VIII to Donne’s court sermons and Milton’s Areopagitica , showing finally that in Paradise Lost , Milton roots boldness in the inner paradise of a pure, common conscience.
Applying a fine-grain analysis to literary England from about 1601 to 1667, this study also looks back to the 1520s, to Luther’s theological foundations of the concept, and forward to 1689, to Locke’s transformation of the idea alongside the term “consciousness.” Ultimately, Held’s study shows how conscience emerges at once as a bulwark against absolute sovereignty and as a stronghold of personal certainty.
eBook
The Disintegrating Conscience and the Decline of Modernity
This book considers how the modern concept of
\"conscience\" turns the historic commitment on its head, in a way
that underlies the decadence of modern society.
Steven D. Smith's books are always anticipated with great
interest by scholars, jurists, and citizens who see his work on
foundational questions surrounding law and religion as shaping the
debate in profound ways. Now, in The Disintegrating Conscience
and the Decline of Modernity , Smith takes as his starting
point Jacques Barzun's provocative assertion that \"the modern era\"
is coming to an end. Smith considers the question of decline by
focusing on a single theme-conscience-that has been central to much
of what has happened in Western politics, law, and religion over
the past half-millennium. Rather than attempting to follow that
theme step-by-step through five hundred years, the book adopts an
episodic and dramatic approach by focusing on three main figures
and particularly portentous episodes: first, Thomas More's
execution for his conscientious refusal to take an oath mandated by
Henry VIII; second, James Madison's contribution to Virginia law in
removing the proposed requirement of religious toleration in favor
of freedom of conscience; and, third, William Brennan's pledge to
separate his religious faith from his performance as a Supreme
Court justice. These three episodes, Smith suggests, reflect in
microcosm decisive turning points at which Western civilization
changed from what it had been in premodern times to what it is
today. A commitment to conscience, Smith argues, has been a central
and in some ways defining feature of modern Western civilization,
and yet in a crucial sense conscience in the time of Brennan and
today has come to mean almost the opposite of what it meant to
Thomas More. By scrutinizing these men and episodes, the book seeks
to illuminate subtle but transformative changes in the commitment
to conscience-changes that helped to bring Thomas More's world to
an end and that may also be contributing to the disintegration of
(per Barzun) \"the modern era.\"
eBook
Reboot : leadership and the art of growing up
\"One of the startup world's most in-demand coaches--Wired magazine calls him the 'CEO Whisperer'--reveals why radical self-inquiry is critical to professional success and healthy relationships in all realms of life\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Conscience on Stage
This study outlines and reiterates the relationship of theatre to casuistry, the Jesuit contributions to Spanish literary theory and practice, and the importance of casuistry for the study of early modern subjectivity.
eBook
Path to clear conscience and how to deal with troubled conscience in older people care: a phenomenological hermeneutical study
Background
The study aimed to illuminate the meaning of conscience, and troubled conscience and how to deal with troubled conscience among nurses who take care of older people in Tehran province, Iran.
Methods
A phenomenological hermeneutical approach guided the study, involving three phases of data interpretation: naïve reading, structural analysis and comprehensive interpretation. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with eight nursing staff working in nursing homes or geriatric ward in hospital.
Results
The meanings of conscience, troubled conscience and dealing with troubled conscience were uncovered through three themes: “meaning of conscience”, “path to clear conscience” and “meaning of and dealing with troubled conscience”. These themes encompassed a total of eight subthemes. The nursing staff described conscience as an inherent power placed by God, shaped mainly though parent’s upbringing along with personal characteristics, religious beliefs, societal, and educational factors. Troubled conscience is narrated as inner power which blames people for intentional or unintentional mistake and attributed to themselves as they have not lived up to the type of people that they should be.
Conclusions
The path to clear conscience was perceived as to do ‘right’ by helping others and to consider the others as one’s own loved one. Dealing with a troubled conscience means striving to provide right compensation. The nursing staff who take care of older people need to be supported in their endeavours to keep their conscience ‘clear’ and prevent the experience of troubled conscience.
Journal Article
A century of research on conscientiousness at work
Evidence from more than 100 y of research indicates that conscientiousness (C) is the most potent noncognitive construct for occupational performance. However, questions remain about the magnitudes of its effect sizes across occupational variables, its defining characteristics and functions in occupational settings, and potential moderators of its performance relation. Drawing on 92 unique meta-analyses reporting effects for 175 distinct variables, which represent n > 1.1 million participants across k > 2,500 studies, we present the most comprehensive, quantitative review and synthesis of the occupational effects of C available in the literature. Results show C has effects in a desirable direction for 98%of variables and a grand mean of ρ̄M = 0.20 (SD = 0.13), indicative of a potent, pervasive influence across occupational variables. Using the top 33% of effect sizes ( ρ̄ ≥ 0.24), we synthesize 10 characteristic themes of C’s occupational functioning: 1) motivation for goal directed performance, 2) preference for more predictable environments, 3) interpersonal responsibility for shared goals, 4) commitment, 5) perseverance, 6) self-regulatory restraint to avoid counterproductivity, and 7) proficient performance—especially for 8) conventional goals, 9) requiring persistence. Finally, we examine C’s relation to performance across 8 occupations. Results indicate that occupational complexity moderates this relation. That is, 10) high occupational complexity versus low-to-moderate occupational complexity attenuates the performance effect of C. Altogether, results suggest that goaldirected performance is fundamental to C and that motivational engagement, behavioral restraint, and environmental predictability influence its optimal occupational expression. We conclude by discussing applied and policy implications of our findings.
Journal Article