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\"The alphabet has 26 letters -- 21 of them are consonants. They can be combined with vowels to build words. Readers discover what some of the less frequent consonants can do.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Large-scale single-neuron speech sound encoding across the depth of human cortex
Understanding the neural basis of speech perception requires that we study the human brain both at the scale of the fundamental computational unit of neurons and in their organization across the depth of cortex. Here we used high-density Neuropixels arrays
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to record from 685 neurons across cortical layers at nine sites in a high-level auditory region that is critical for speech, the superior temporal gyrus
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, while participants listened to spoken sentences. Single neurons encoded a wide range of speech sound cues, including features of consonants and vowels, relative vocal pitch, onsets, amplitude envelope and sequence statistics. Neurons at each cross-laminar recording exhibited dominant tuning to a primary speech feature while also containing a substantial proportion of neurons that encoded other features contributing to heterogeneous selectivity. Spatially, neurons at similar cortical depths tended to encode similar speech features. Activity across all cortical layers was predictive of high-frequency field potentials (electrocorticography), providing a neuronal origin for macroelectrode recordings from the cortical surface. Together, these results establish single-neuron tuning across the cortical laminae as an important dimension of speech encoding in human superior temporal gyrus.
High-density single-neuron recordings show diverse tuning for acoustic and phonetic features across layers in human auditory speech cortex.
Journal Article
Consonants
\"The alphabet has 26 letters -- 21 of them are consonants. They can be combined with vowels to build words. Readers discover what some of the most common consonants can do.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
On the phonology and origin of the labialized dorsal consonants in Seri
This study examines the phonology and historical development of the labialized dorsal consonants in Seri (Cmiique Iitom), a language of northwestern Mexico. This language has a rare contrast between velar and uvular fricatives, each with labialized counterparts, forming six voiceless dorsal phonemes. It is shown that labialized consonants originated historically through the loss of round vowels in three main contexts: posttonic syllable, the third person indirect object prefix, and the emphatic realis prefix. Phonetic phenomena such as anticipatory labialization and postlexical spread are presented in detail. The study also discusses the Seri orthography, which preserves distinctions critical to the language’s structure. Este estudio examina la fonología y el desarrollo histórico de las consonantes dorsales labializadas en el seri (cmiique iitom), una lengua del noroeste de México. Esta lengua presenta un contraste poco común entre fricativas velares y uvulares, cada una con su contraparte labializada, formando seis fonemas dorsales sordos. Se demuestra que las consonantes labializadas surgieron históricamente por la pérdida de vocales redondeadas en tres contextos principales: la sílaba postónica, el prefijo de objeto indirecto de tercera persona y el prefijo de realis enfático. Se presentan detalles fonéticos como la labialización anticipada y la propagación posléxica. Además, se analiza la ortografía del seri, que preserva distinciones críticas para la estructura del idioma.
Journal Article
Arabic consonant length perception depends on the relative speech rate of the distal context
Listeners adapt to the speech rate of talkers. Many studies of speech rate adaptation have focused on the influence of rate information on the perception of word segmentation or segmental perception in English. The effects of immediately adjacent (i.e., proximal) information are generally strong on the perception of both segments and segmentation, but the effects of rate information temporally remote from (i.e., distal to) ambiguous speech signals are less clear, especially for segments. The present study examines the influence of distal rate adaptation on the perception of geminate consonants in Arabic that straddle a morpheme boundary (i.e., heteromorphemic geminates). Participants heard sentences that at one point were ambiguous to the presence of the Arabic definite clitic al , which, under certain circumstances, can be realized as gemination of the subsequent word-initial consonant. The sentences were either recorded with or without the clitic and with three possible distal speech rates in the context of the clitic. They transcribed the sentences and reported what they heard, and those transcriptions were analyzed for the contribution of the original recording and the distal speech rate on the perception of al . It was found that the perception of geminates in Arabic is rate dependent. This extends the knowledge of the effects of distal rate cues to Arabic, showing that Arabic geminate consonants are perceived relative to the rate of the distal context.
Journal Article
Patterns of breakdown of reading and spelling in a non‐alphabetic language: a study in Bengali
Background Scripts of different languages differ in the representation of symbols. Abugidas, used across India and other southeast Asian countries, originate from ancient Brahmi. Here, unlike in alphabetic scripts, each symbol (“akshara”) represents a syllable but can also be teased apart into individual phonemes. Despite their wide reach, how increasing cognitive impairment affects reading and spelling in abugidas remains unexplored. Method Sixty subjects (thirty each with Alzheimer's clinical syndrome‐dementia (ACS‐dem) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI)), and 60 age‐ and education‐matched cognitively unimpaired (CU) subjects were asked to read a word list in Bengali, an abugida, and later spell the same words to dictation. The list included words containing the following: no consonant clusters; conjunct consonants where both original consonants retain their shape; one consonant in the conjunct loses its shape; both consonants in the conjunct lose their shape; plausible nonwords; irregular words. We focused on errors in reading or spelling conjunct consonants at the word level. Non‐parametric statistical analyses were performed. Result Mean age and education of subjects were 70 (1.35) years and 14.5 (1.25) years, respectively. Both aMCI and ACS‐dem subjects read non‐words significantly worse than CU subjects (p <0.05) but did not differ from each other. ACS‐dem subjects were worse in reading irregular words compared to the other groups. Spelling performance in all tested parameters were worse in aMCI and ACS‐dem compared to CU (p <0.001) but irregular word spelling in aMCI did not differ from CU. ACS‐dem subjects spelt significantly worse than aMCI subjects on words with no consonant clusters, words where both consonants in the conjunct retained their original shapes and non‐words (p <0.05 in all). However, the two groups performed similarly when even one consonant in the conjunct lost its original shape. Conclusion In ACS subjects who have Bengali as their first language, difficulty in spelling conjunct consonants within a word can be seen across all complexities of consonant cluster formation, even at the MCI stage. Reading is less severely affected and restricted to irregular words and non‐words. Our work should encourage more research on how cognitive impairment affects patterns of breakdown in other non‐alphabetic languages.
Journal Article