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The aim of this paper is two-fold: to investigate development of a Construct Specification Equation (CSE) for UL task difficulty, , and a CSE for person UL ability, , in support of the validity of these two constructs. Measurements of UL task difficulty, , and person UL ability, were derived from applying the Rasch model on the Tetraplegia Upper Limb Activity Questionnaire (TUAQ). The formulations of CSEs as explanations of the two constructs were done using Principal Component Regression (PCR). The CSE for UL task difficulty, , was to a large degree explained by the number of joints involved and the CSE for person UL ability, , was dominated by grasp-related variables. Pearson coefficients of 0.94 and 0.73 were obtained between UL task difficulty and UL person ability from the CSE, respectively, when correlated with each empirical measure. The present work has both explored and extended the methodology for using more qualitative explanatory variables. Specifically, for UL measurements for people with tetraplegia a good CSE for task difficulty, , supports the validity of TUAQ when measuring person UL ability. Additionally, the CSE formulated for person ability, , can be used both for validation purposes as well as a clinical tool.

PurposeDrawing on entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention literature, this paper develops and tests a model that aims to explain the relationship between students' perception of learning from entrepreneurship education programs (EEP), the theory of planned behavior and entrepreneurial intention across Latin American countries.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses data from the Global University Entrepreneurship Spirit Student’s Survey (GUESSS) project 2018 for 11 Latin American countries. Structural equation modeling is used to validate the theoretical model; this offers advantages over traditional multivariate techniques in evaluating measurement errors, estimation of latent variables and specification of models.FindingsThe main results suggest that a positive perception of learning from EEP is related to the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, attitude toward entrepreneurial behavior and perceived behavior control positively influences entrepreneurial intention across Latin American undergraduate students. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of EEP in terms of the antecedents of the intention and, in addition, provide evidence to the theory of planned behavior from a large sample in an emerging region.Originality/valueThe theory of planned behavior is one of the most important theoretical frameworks to explain entrepreneurial intention. However, in Latin American countries, quality research is hindered by the lack of data and valid measures. Therefore, the paper adds value by looking at the perception of learning from EEP and its relationship with the antecedents of intention. Likewise, it validates the dimensions of the theory of planned behavior and its relationship to entrepreneurial intention, considering a broad sample of university students in Latin America.

Purpose - Innovation in services is thought to be multi-dimensional in nature, and in this context the purpose of this paper is to present and operationalise the concept of \"elevated service offerings\" (ESO) in collaborating service organisations. ESO stands for new or enhanced service offerings which can only be eventuated as a result of partnering, and which could not be delivered on individual organisational merit. ESO helps us expand our understanding of service innovation to include a service network or service system's dimension. Design/methodology/approach - A structural equation model is specified and estimated based on constructs and relationships grounded in the literature, as well as self-developed constructs, using empirical data from 449 respondents in an Australian telecommunications service provider (SP) and its partnering organisations. Findings - Results show that ESO is a multi-dimensional construct which was operationalised and validated through an extensive literature review, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modelling using a holdout sample. Research limitations/implications - Qualitative and empirical data analysis was undertaken with data collected from a single large telecommunications SP organisation, and its partnering organisations. Future research may seek to collect data from the entire telecommunications industry sector and their partnering organisations, across other service sectors, or even any other organisation where collaboration is pivotal to their success. Practical implications - Service organisations today need to understand that innovation in services is not just about process or product innovation, or even performance and productivity improvements, but in fact includes organisational forms of innovation. Indeed, the interactions and complementarities between the three different aspects of ESO - strategic, productivity, and performance - highlight the increasing complex and multi-dimensional character of innovation and the ongoing iterative process. Originality/value - This research provides empirical evidence for the existence of a multi-dimensional innovation in services construct - known as elevated service offerings in a collaborative service network, along with an adapted definition of service and a service innovation model.

We appreciate the interest shown by Rigdon et al. [Rigdon EE, Becker J-M, Rai A, Ringle CM, Diamantopoulos A, Karahanna E, Straub DW, Dijkstra TK (2014) Conflating antecedents and formative indicators: A comment on Aguirre-Urreta and Marakas. Inform. Systems Res. 25(4):780–784.] in our recent work and for the time and effort spent in carefully considering it and offering their comments and concerns. In what follows, and within the limitations of a short rejoinder, we offer our response to their comments, highlighting points of agreement and noting where more research is necessary.

This study aims to specify and assess friendship quality as a third-order formative construct and provide empirical support for its measurement model. This study employed a quantitative research approach using a survey questionnaire to collect data from 415 Malaysian secondary school students. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach using WarpPLS 5.0 software was utilised to analyse the data. The findings confirmed the convergent and discriminant validity of eight reflective first-order constructs establishing validity and reliability of five formative second-order constructs. The analysis of third-order formative friendship quality construct revealed that Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) was found lower than five and the outer weights were significant at the level of .05. This study extends the knowledge in friendship quality literature by proposing a third-order formative friendship quality construct including four formative second-order constructs. Moreover, applying new algorithms of PLS-SEM for assessing and establishing measurement model of the third-order friendship quality construct offers methodological contribution of the study.