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"Containerization Social aspects."
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The Container Principle
We live in a world organized around the container. Standardized twenty- and forty-foot shipping containers carry material goods across oceans and over land; provide shelter, office space, and storage capacity; inspire films, novels, metaphors, and paradigms. Today, TEU (Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit, the official measurement for shipping containers) has become something like a global currency. A container ship, sailing under the flag of one country but owned by a corporation headquartered in another, carrying auto parts from Japan, frozen fish from Vietnam, and rubber ducks from China, offers a vivid representation of the increasing, world-is-flat globalization of the international economy. InThe Container Principle, Alexander Klose investigates the principle of the container and its effect on the way we live and think.Klose explores a series of \"container situations\" in their historical, political, and cultural contexts. He examines the container as a time capsule, sometimes breaking loose and washing up onshore to display an inventory of artifacts of our culture. He explains the \"Matryoshka principle,\" explores the history of land-water transport, and charts the three phases of container history. He examines the rise of logistics, the containerization of computing in the form of modularization and standardization, the architecture of container-like housing (citing both Le Corbusier and Malvina Reynolds's \"Little Boxes\"), and a range of artistic projects inspired by containers. Containerization, spreading from physical storage to organizational metaphors, Klose argues, signals a change in the fundamental order of thinking and things. It has become a principle.
eBook
A data pipeline for secure extraction and sharing of social determinants of health
Linking neighborhood- and patient-level data provides valuable information about the influence of upstream social determinants of health (SDOH). However, sharing of these data across health systems presents challenges. We set out to develop a pipeline to acquire, deidentify, and share neighborhood-level SDOH data across multiple health systems.
We created a pipeline centered around Decentralized Geomarker Assessment for Multi-Site Studies (DeGAUSS) that utilizes containerization to geocode patient addresses and obtain neighborhood-level SDOH variables. We compared DeGAUSS to a third-party vendor geocoding tool available at Duke Health using a cohort of adult patients referred for abdominal transplant from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2022. We calculated Cohen's Kappa and percent disagreement at census block group and tract levels, and by Area Deprivation Index, urbanicity, and year.
The pipeline successfully generated SDOH data for 97.8% of addresses. There was high concordance between DeGAUSS and the vendor tool at the census block group (0.93) and tract levels (0.95). At the block group level, disagreement proportion differed by year and urbanicity, with larger disagreement in the rural category than in micropolitan and metropolitan categories (13%, 7%, 6.2%, respectively).
We describe a novel pipeline that can facilitate the secure acquisition and sharing of neighborhood-level SDOH without sharing PHI. The pipeline can be scaled to include additional social, climate, and environmental variables, and can be extended to an unlimited number of health systems.
Journal Article
Spatiotemporal Evolution of China's Ports in the International Container Transport Network under Upgraded Industrial Structure
Containerization and its impact on structural shifts in maritime transport have attracted the attention of maritime researchers. However, few studies address the impact of China's current economic reforms and industrial structure upgrades on China's container ports. To fill this gap, this article delivers new insights on the geographical evolution of China's ports in international container transport during the upgrade of industrial structure. This study finds that path dependence is evident in the container shipping structure, and major regional connections are still present between China and the maritime regions of East-Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and North America. During the study period, the spatial dynamics of the international linkages of China's container ports exhibited a tendency to develop from an initial monocentric structure to an isolated double-center structure, and then a polycentric clustering structure. Dynamic panel analysis shows there is a long-term significant equilibrium relationship between industrial structure upgrading and port container transport trade. Proxy indices including the industrial structure advanced index, the industrial structure comprehensive index and the essential evolution of industrial structure have positive effects on the improvement of port container transport trade.
Journal Article
Securing the Containerized Supply Chain: Analysis of Government Incentives for Private Investment
To mitigate the threat that terrorists smuggle weapons of mass destruction into the United States through maritime containers, the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) inspects containers upon entry to domestic ports. Inspection-driven congestion is costly, and CBP provides incentives to firms to improve security upstream in the supply chain, thereby reducing the inspection burden at U.S. ports. We perform an economic analysis of this incentive program, called Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT), modeling in a game-theoretic framework the strategic interaction between CBP, trading firms, and terrorists. Our equilibrium results highlight the possibility that a properly run program can efficiently shift some of CBP's security burden to private industry. These results also suggest that CBP may have the opportunity to use strategic delay as an incentive for firms to join. Analysis of comparative statics shows that, with increasing capacity, membership in C-TPAT systematically declines.
Journal Article
Extremophile hotspots linked to containerized industrial waste dumping in a deep-sea basin
Decaying barrels on the seafloor linked to DDT contamination have raised concerns about the public health implications of decades old industrial waste dumped off the coast of Los Angeles. To explore their contents, we collected sediment cores perpendicular to five deep-sea barrels. The concentration of DDT and its breakdown products were highly elevated relative to control sites yet did not vary with distance from the barrels, suggesting that they were not associated with the contamination. Sediment cores collected through white halos surrounding three barrels were enriched in calcite and had elevated pH. The associated microbial communities were low diversity and dominated by alkalophilic bacteria with metagenome-assembled genomes adapted to high pH. A solid concretion sampled between a white halo and barrel was composed of brucite, a magnesium hydroxide mineral that forms at high pH. Based on these findings, we postulate that leakage of containerized alkaline waste triggered the formation of mineral concretions that are slowly dissolving and raising the pH of the surrounding sediment pore water. This selects for taxa adapted to extreme alkalinity and drives the precipitation of “anthropogenic” carbonates forming white halos, which serve as a visual identifier of barrels that contained alkaline waste. Remarkably, containerized alkaline waste discarded >50 years ago represents a persistent pollutant creating localized mineral formations and microbial communities that resemble those observed at some hydrothermal systems. These formations were observed at one-third of the visually identified barrels in the San Pedro Basin and have unforeseen, long-term consequences for benthic communities in the region.
Journal Article
Supply Chain Cost Minimization by Collaboration between Liner Shipping Companies and Port Operators
The container handling rates at ports are input for container shipping operations planning by shipping lines. The handling rates are unilaterally determined by port operators. This article points out that it may be possible for port operators to provide higher handling rates at some additional costs. The higher handling rates will enable ships to have more time sailing at sea, leading to less fuel consumption. The reduction in fuel costs for shipping lines may be more significant than the additional costs incurred by port operators. We therefore propose a practical and easy-to-implement collaborative mechanism between shipping lines and port operators, where the shipping lines compensate the port operators for their additional costs. As a result, the overall efficiency of container transportation is improved.
Journal Article
Regional Institutional Convergence? Reflections from the Baltimore Waterfront
This article discusses the process of institutional change across regions in response to structural economic, social, political, and technological change. It accepts as a starting point the assertion that institutional differences between regions account, at least in part, for differences in regional development outcomes. This assertion raises the question of whether institutions in different locales will converge or diverge over time. The article explores this question through a case study of institutional changes associated with the process of containerization at the Port of Baltimore. Despite considerable pressure for convergent change in various formal institutions, specifically with respect to port pricing and terminal leasing policies, important elements of a common-user approach to the operation of the port were maintained. This particular trajectory of institutional change is reflective of both the local political economy and the role of public officials in deliberating over formal institutional choices in the face of considerable uncertainty. The evidence supports a notion of institutional transformation in which regional institutional diversity, albeit in new forms, is maintained.
Journal Article
Analysis of the Round-Trip Cost of Road Container Transportation in China
With the rapid growth of China's foreign trade, the cargo consolidation and distribution through ports has created increasing demands on road container transportation. Road container transportation, however, has not played a big role in supporting the inland economy as expected, and some large companies have even exited the market. This study develops a roundtrip cost model to investigate the cost impact on road container transportation. Study results showed that freight rates have remained low, while fuel prices, which are one of the most important cost factors, have soared in recent years. The average cost per ton-kilometer (ton-km) under normal transportation conditions is almost equal to or even higher than the average freight rate. The fundamental issues of Chinese road container transportation are twofold. First, the fixed (regulated) freight rates prohibit road container transportation companies from raising revenue. Second, the continual rising cost factors have squeezed the profit margin of container trucking operators to zero or even negative levels. To increase their revenues, the road container transportation companies should develop more value-added services for customers or engage in industry alliances, rather than focusing on cutting their operational costs.
Journal Article
Ocean Container Shipping: Impacts of a Technological Improvement
This paper demonstrates that the technological improvement in ocean shipping, containerization, has revolutionized the ocean transportation of general cargo. By handling individual pieces of cargo only twice, when loaded and unloaded from a container, less part labor and ship capacity are required to transport the same amount of cargo that would have moved as break-bulk cargo. The impacts of containerization on ocean shipping lines, shippers, ship design, trade flow networks, port competition, port design, port labor, port investments, and inland transportation are discussed. While it is clear that ocean container shipping plays an important role in international trade, it has generally been neglected in international trade research.
Journal Article