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"Contrastive analysis"
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Contrasting the semantic space of ‘shame’ and ‘guilt’ in English and Japanese
This article sheds light on the significant yet nuanced roles of shame and guilt in influencing moral behaviour, a phenomenon that became particularly prominent during the COVID-19 pandemic with the community’s heightened desire to be seen as moral. These emotions are central to human interactions, and the question of how they are conveyed linguistically is a vast and important one. Our study contributes to this area by analysing the discourses around shame and guilt in English and Japanese online forums, focusing on the terms shame, guilt, haji (‘shame’) and zaiakukan (‘guilt’). We utilise a mix of corpus-based methods and natural language processing tools, including word embeddings, to examine the contexts of these emotion terms and identify semantically similar expressions. Our findings indicate both overlaps and distinct differences in the semantic landscapes of shame and guilt within and across the two languages, highlighting nuanced ways in which these emotions are expressed and distinguished. This investigation provides insights into the complex dynamics between emotion words and the internal states they denote, suggesting avenues for further research in this linguistically rich area.
Journal Article
The Survival of Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis: A Look Under the Hood
The contrastive analysis hypothesis is one of the theories that has considerably impacted second language acquisition research. Since the 1970s, this theory, which had piqued the interest of both linguists and teachers, has been heavily criticised. It has been described as unrealistic and impractical, and its basic assumptions have been questioned and unjustly debunked. However, re-reading Linguistics across Cultures, the book from which the contrastive analysis hypothesis was derived, in light of recent findings and re-examining the criticism levelled against it, reveals how valuable and insightful the book is and how irrationally it has been misrepresented. This paper attempts to clean this distortion up and demonstrate why this book is worth reading again. It sheds light on the criticism levelled against it and critically examines the alternatives (the moderate and the weak versions) offered to replace it. It also argues that, apart from its utility in comparing languages in terms of their sound systems, grammar, and vocabulary for pedagogical purposes, it can be an effective tool in comparing languages, particularly on bases above the sentence level, to uncover cultural traits. Hence, it can be a powerful means to further our knowledge of cross-cultural (mis)communication and (mis)understanding.
Journal Article
Conceptual Metaphors in King Abdullah II of Jordan’s English/Arabic Political Discourse: A Contrastive Study
This study examines the use of conceptual metaphors in the political speeches of King Abdullah II of Jordan delivered in English and Arabic. Sixteen political speeches downloaded from the official website of King Abdullah II were analyzed adopting conceptual metaphor theory. The findings revealed that most of the source domains used in the political speeches delivered in English are also used in the political speeches delivered in Arabic. Accordingly, it can be said that the language used for delivering the political speech has no influence on the types of metaphor employed. However, slight differences in the frequencies of the source domains were found, that is, one source domain is used more in one language than the other. This is perhaps attributable to the topic of the speech and the audience that King Abdullah II was addressing as well.
Journal Article
La inferencia: una estrategia de persuasión en el ámbito del discurso publicitario automovilístico. Estudio contrastivo español-francés
Este trabajo estudia el uso del modelo ostensivo-inferencial como recurso de persuasión en el discurso publicitario desde una perspectiva contrastiva entre el español y el francés. Se ha escogido un corpus compuesto por veinte textos del ámbito de la publicidad automovilística divididos en cinco grupos de anuncios, cada uno de ellos compuesto por el mismo anuncio en español y francés publicado en 2017 y 2022. Se ha llevado a cabo un análisis descriptivo e interpretativo partiendo de un marco teórico relacionado con la pragmática y las teorías interculturales con el fin de examinar las diferencias y explorar la necesaria adaptación del discurso publicitario a su destinatario, lo que exige tener en consideración las diferencias propias de cada cultura para que el mensaje cumpla con su intención comunicativa.
Journal Article
Ritual Frame Indicating Expressions (An Academic Conversation)
The present paper is based on an interview, conducted by Victor V. Leontyev with Juliane House and Dániel Z. Kádár. It provides an overview of a new theory in pragmatics, namely, Ritual Frame Indicating Expressions (RFIEs). This theory provides a bottom-up and corpus-based approach to the study of various pragmatically important expressions through which the participants of an interaction indicate their awareness of the Ritual Frame underlying the interaction. 'Ritual Frame' encompasses a cluster of standard situations in which the rights and obligations of the participants are clearly defined. The corpus-based RFIE approach complements sociopragmatic approaches to various expression types, including so-called 'politeness markers', honorifics, forms of address and so on, and it also helps us to systematically capture the relationship between expressions and speech acts. In studying RFIEs, the analyst focuses on the ways in which RFIEs spread across various standard situations. The study of this issue also allows the researcher to contrastively examine the use of RFIEs across linguacultures. Such contrastive research helps us to unearth major linguacultural differences. For example, the research of J. House and D.Z. Kádár has revealed that while in East Asian linguacultures such as Chinese RFIEs tend to be strongly associated with a particular speech act, this relationship is casual in Western linguacultures.
Journal Article
An Analysis of Errors in English Writing Made by Chinese and Korean University Students
This study adopted Kim (2009)'s error classification system, based on from Dulay, Burt and Krashen (1982)'s linguistic classification of errors. Errors in 168 English essays written by Chinese and Korean university students were identified and coded by three coders using NVivo. The analysis shows that some errors such as run-on sentences, the omission of articles and plural suffix-s, and sentence misordering can be caused by the negative transfer from learners' first language. This phenomenon is highlighted by the contrastive analysis hypothesis (CAH). In Chinese, for example, commas are used in a multifunctional way. They can be used as either periods or conjunctions, which results in run-on sentences and the omission of conjunctions in English. No articles exist in the Chinese and Korean languages, which is also the reason for the omission of English articles. Different use of plural forms in Chinese and Korean makes it difficult for EFL learners to master in English. The Korean SOV structure also confuses many Korean university students when they construct their English SVO sentences. Meanwhile, some errors can be caused just because of learners' own creative construction regardless of their first language background, such as the misformation of verbs and nouns. This error cluster is illustrated by the creative construction hypothesis (CCH). The results indicate that both the occurrence of CAH and CCH are reasonable to some extent. The comparative analysis of errors in English writing made by Chinese and Korean university students shows a general picture of common errors made by these English learners as comprised of both CAH and CCH type errors. The reasons these errors were made are also explored, especially reasons related to their first language. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article
Suprasegmental Phonemes in Arabic and English
Objective: This research examines intonation as a vocal supra-segmental phenomenon in Arabic and English, focusing on declarative, interrogative, and exclamatory types of utterances. It aims to identify difficulties for English speakers learning Arabic intonation. Methodology: The study uses the contrastive analysis approach to help identify patterns that may pose challenges in learning Arabic. Results: show similarities in intonation patterns and tones but challenges in the semantic dimension due to differences in intonation levels. Conclusion: Suggestions on how to overcome those difficulties include training learners in Arabic intonation patterns and designing effective teaching curricula based on linguistic contrastive analysis.
Journal Article
The Russian Counterparts of Italian Periphrases with Aspectual Value
This contribution focuses on the realization in Russian of certain Italian aspectual periphrases – (in)cominciare/iniziare a, continuare a, cercare/tentare di using data from the Russian-Italian parallel corpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language (nkrja). The theoretical framework adopted is based on the idea that the choice of aspectual forms in Slavic languages is determined by the lexical or actional classes of verbs: the natural, prototypical forms of telic verbs (achievements and accomplishments) are perfective, whereas those of atelic verbs (states and activities) are imperfective. Conversely, the forms of the opposite aspect activated for each class represent marked, peripheral choices with respect to the prototype. The comparison of the Italian periphrases with equivalent Russian verbal forms extracted from the corpus shows that they often correspond to simple aspectual forms in Russian, which quite systematically represent peripheral aspectual choices. As a result, Italian periphrases corresponding to Russian marked aspectual forms explicitly convey the additional semantic load that differentiates them from their unmarked, prototypical counterparts. Since Russian aspectual forms are synthetic and polysemous, the presence of periphrases with the hypothesized semantic value in Italian supports the validity of the adopted theoretical framework.
Journal Article
Semanticity, Alterity, Creativity: Building on Eugenio Coseriu's Legacy (II)
Semanticity, Alterity, Creativity: Building on Eugenio Coseriu's Legacy is CDDC's17 latter issue of the Coserian-inspired thematic couple. It, too, is idiosyncratically-themed to cover further seminal facets of the Romanian scholar's legacy. In a nutshell, the main difference between the two issues resides in the type of approach. Issue no 15 delves into \"the epistemological foundations of Integral Linguistics, open[s] up some theoretical and contrastive perspectives on the integral study of particular languages, and advance[s] new proposals for the study of text / discourse starting from Coserian bases\". Issue no 16, on the other hand, \"complements the former, with several contributions focusing more specifically on the functional perspective in the study of languages and on the relation between what Coseriu called 'functional language' and the architecture of language varieties, and others exploring the organization and evolution of idiomatic structures through comparative and contrastive approaches\".
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