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"Control (Linguistics)"
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A Two-Tiered Theory of Control
This book revives and reinterprets a persistent intuition running through much of the classical work: that the unitary appearance of Obligatory Control into complements conceals an underlying duality of structure and mechanism. Idan Landau argues that control complements divide into two types: In attitude contexts, control is established by logophoric anchoring, while non-attitude contexts it boils down to predication. The distinction is also syntactically represented: Logophoric complements are constructed as a second tier above predicative complements.The theory derives the obligatoryde sereading of PRO as a special kind ofde reattitude without ascribing any inherent feature to PRO. At the same time, it provides a principled explanation, based on feature transmission, for the agreement properties of PRO, which are stipulated on competing semantic accounts. Finally, it derives a striking universal asymmetry: the fact that agreement on the embedded verb blocks control in attitude contexts but not in non-attitude contexts. This book is unique in being firmly grounded in both the formal semantic and the syntactic studies of control, offering an integrated view that will appeal to scholars in both areas. By bringing to bear current sophisticated grammatical analyses, it offers new insights into the classical problems of control theory.
eBook
Control in grammar and pragmatics : a cross-linguistic study
The claim that \"
pronominals have phonological features only where they must, for some reason\", is strongly supported by the occurrence of the null pronoun PRO as coined and introduced by Noam Chomsky. How reference of PRO is determined is the main subject of control theory, the subsystem of core grammar to which this study is dedicated. Chomsky has not followed up his \"natural suggestion that choice of controller is determined by theta roles or other semantic properties of the verb, perhaps pragmatic conditions of some sort.\"But then, a great many students of control have engaged in exploring thematic roles as tools most suitable for investigating control.Shifting analysis of control to the relationship between thematic features carried by PRO and its potential controller respectively, was a turning point in control theory. Control proved to be a by-product of satisfying matching conditions that exist between thematic properties of PRO and its licit controller. The constraints derived from them are not construction-specific.If grammar and pragmatics seem to go hand in hand, their complicity in determining control behavior is elucidated by showing that pragmatic factors can be referred to by grammatical constraints. Data of nine languages are used in the study.
eBook
Generalized Fuzzy Linguistic Bicubic B-Spline Surface Model for Uncertain Fuzzy Linguistic Data
A fuzzy linguistic data set that is uncertain is difficult to analyze and describe in the form of a smooth and continuous generic figure. Therefore, the study aims to develop a new model of a B-spline surface using a different approach of a crisp and fuzzy linguistic point relation with three types of linguistic function: low L, medium Mi and high H. These linguistic functions are defined first to introduce the fuzzy linguistic point relation. Then, a new algorithm of the fuzzy linguistic bicubic B-spline surface model is presented to convert fuzzy linguistic data into fuzzy linguistic control points. In addition, a numerical example of fuzzy linguistic data is considered at the end of this study to visualize the suggested model. Thus, the relation between the fuzzy linguistic data points can be analyzed to present another area of knowledge in which symmetry phenomena occur. The symmetry here plays an important role in solving the uncertain fuzzy linguistic data problem by using the suggested model.
Journal Article
Control in Generative Grammar
The subject of nonfinite clauses is often missing, and yet is understood to refer to some linguistic or contextual referent (e.g. 'Bill preferred __ to remain silent' is understood as 'Bill preferred that he himself would remain silent'). This dependency is the subject matter of control theory. Extensive linguistic research into control constructions over the past five decades has unearthed a wealth of empirical findings in dozens of languages. Their proper classification and analysis, however, have been a matter of continuing debate within and across different theoretical schools. This comprehensive book pulls together, for the first time, all the important advances on the topic. Among the issues discussed are: the distinction between raising and control, obligatory and nonobligatory control, syntactic interactions with case, finiteness and nominalization, lexical determination of the controller, and phenomena like partial and implicit control. The critical discussions in this work will stimulate students and scholars to further explorations in this fascinating field.
eBook
DISCURSIVE DYSTOPIAS: LANGUAGE, POWER, AND IDEOLOGY IN ORWELL, ATWOOD, AND EVANS
This article examines language as a mechanism of ideological control in George Orwell's 1984, Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale, and Vyvyan Evans' The Babel Apocalypse. Using a semantic-pragmatic framework, it explores how linguistic features, such as lexical innovation, naming conventions, ritualised speech acts, and silences, function as instruments of power, identity formation, and resistance within these dystopian societies. Through comparative analysis, the study identifies common strategies including vocabulary reduction, semantic narrowing, symbolic re-signification, and algorithmically mediated communication. These techniques not only uphold authoritarian regimes but also shape subjectivity by limiting what can be thought, said, or expressed. Drawing on critical discourse analysis, speech act theory, and Foucauldian concepts of power/knowledge, the article reveals how language operates as an active site of control, coercion, and subversion. Despite reflecting distinct ideological and technological contexts, the novels converge in portraying language as paramount to sustaining and occasionally unravelling authoritarian power. Finally, the article advocates for integrative approaches that combine close textual analysis with corpus-based methods, offering new insights into the evolving relationship between fiction, discourse, and political reality.
Journal Article
Control into Conjunctive Participle Clauses
The book explores Adjunct Control in Assamese, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in North India by about 15 million people. The author works within the Minimalist Program of syntactic theory. Adjunct Control is a relation of co-referentiality between two subjects, one in the matrix clause and one in the adjunct clause of the same structure. The relevant adjuncts in Assamese are non-finite clauses commonly known as Conjunctive Participle (CNP) clauses. Four types of Adjunct Control are examined: (i) Forward Control, in which only the matrix subject is pronounced; (ii) Backward Control, in which only the subordinate subject is pronounced; (iii) Copy Control, in which both subjects are pronounced; and (iv) Expletive Control, in which case the two control elements are expletives. While Forward Control is a cross-linguistically common control pattern, Assamese also allows the other three less common structures. The author analyzes Adjunct Control as movement and provides a detailed account of the conditions that drive and constrain each of the four types of control. The theoretical implications are highlighted. The book is unique both empirically and theoretically. It is the first monograph which deals with Assamese generative syntax. It is also the first book to explore control structures in a single understudied language in such detail. In addition to Assamese, the book provides data from Telugu, Bengali, Konkani, Marathi, Tamil, and Hindi.
eBook
