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Aimed at the problem of large load impact and kinetic energy in the operation of the intermittent transmission mechanism of a certain type of conveyor, this paper designs schemes with different slot numbers and corresponding transmission ratios, while keeping the original four-sheave center distance, input speed, and output angular displacement of the intermittent transmission mechanism unchanged. It also compares and analyzes the various transmission schemes. The analysis results indicate that increasing the number of slots can increase the time proportion of the intermittent transmission device in the unit operating cycle, thereby reducing the output speed of the intermittent transmission device. While increasing the number of slots, it is necessary to synchronously change the transmission ratio and number of teeth at the rear end z 1 z 2 -1 of the slot wheel mechanism to ensure that the output angular displacement remains unchanged. After the improvement of 5-8 grooved wheels, the peak kinetic energy of the load is reduced by 45.4% to 73.6% compared to 4-slot wheels. The effect of reducing impact during motion is very significant.

Due to increasing demands for ensuring the safety and reliability of a system, fault detection (FD) has received considerable attention in modern industries to monitor their machines. Bulk materials are transported worldwide using belt conveyors as an essential transport system. The majority of conveyor components are monitored continuously to ensure their reliability, but idlers remain a challenge to monitor due to the large number of idlers (rollers) distributed throughout the working environment. These idlers are prone to external noises or disturbances that cause a failure in the underlying system operations. The research community has begun using machine learning (ML) to detect idler’s defects to assist industries in responding to failures on time. Vibration and acoustic measurements are commonly employed to monitor the condition of idlers. However, there has been no comprehensive review of FD for belt conveyor idlers. This paper presents a recent review of acoustic and vibration signal-based fault detection for belt conveyor idlers using ML models. It also discusses major steps in the approaches, such as data collection, signal processing, feature extraction and selection, and ML model construction. Additionally, the paper provides an overview of the main components of belt conveyor systems, sources of defects in idlers, and a brief introduction to ML models. Finally, it highlights critical open challenges and provides future research directions.

Lagrangian trajectories are widely used in the atmospheric sciences, for instance to identify flow structures in extratropical cyclones (e.g., warm conveyor belts) and long-range transport pathways of moisture and trace substances. Here a new version of the Lagrangian analysis tool LAGRANTO (Wernli and Davies, 1997) is introduced, which offers considerably enhanced functionalities. Trajectory starting positions can be defined easily and flexibly based on different geometrical and/or meteorological conditions, e.g., equidistantly spaced within a prescribed region and on a stack of pressure (or isentropic) levels. After the computation of the trajectories, a versatile selection of trajectories is offered based on single or combined criteria. These criteria are passed to LAGRANTO with a simple command language (e.g., \"GT:PV:2\" readily translates into a selection of all trajectories with potential vorticity, PV, greater than 2 PVU; 1 PVU = 10−6 K m2 kg−1 s−1). Full versions of this new version of LAGRANTO are available for global ECMWF and regional COSMO data, and core functionality is provided for the regional WRF and MetUM models and the global 20th Century Reanalysis data set. The paper first presents the intuitive application of LAGRANTO for the identification of a warm conveyor belt in the North Atlantic. A further case study then shows how LAGRANTO can be used to quasi-operationally diagnose stratosphere–troposphere exchange events. Whereas these examples rely on the ECMWF version, the COSMO version and input fields with 7 km horizontal resolution serve to resolve the rather complex flow structure associated with orographic blocking due to the Alps, as shown in a third example. A final example illustrates the tool's application in source–receptor analysis studies. The new distribution of LAGRANTO is publicly available and includes auxiliary tools, e.g., to visualize trajectories. A detailed user guide describes all LAGRANTO capabilities.

The traditional belt conveyor faces challenges such as equipment wear and unstable operation due to friction. This study proposes an air-suspended belt conveyor system supported by an air film to address these issues. An experimental platform was designed and constructed, including a 10-meter-long conveyor with optimized air chamber structure, centrifugal fan, PLC-based control system, and electronic belt scale. Hardware selection and software design were completed, integrating manual and automatic operation modes. Preliminary experiments verified the feasibility of the platform, showing that the fan speed control error was less than 10 r/min under static conditions. This work lays the foundation for adaptive power matching control in air-suspended belt conveyors.

Aiming at solving the problem of high energy consumption in the rated belt speed operation of a belt conveyor system when the material flow rate is reduced, the power consumption of the frequency converter, motor, and belt conveyor is analyzed, a power consumption model of the belt conveyor system is established, the relationship between the power consumption of the belt conveyor system and belt speed is obtained, and a energy-saving control strategy of the belt conveyor with variable belt speed based on the material flow rate is put forward. The energy consumption of the belt conveyor is analyzed for a practical case. Results show that the power consumption model is accurate and the control strategy effectively reduces energy consumption. The model has high application value in coal, ports, power, mine, metallurgy, chemical, and other industries.

In many situations in industry, a sorting process must be performed to separate different or unnecessary items from those on a moving conveyor belt. In this paper we focus on the problem of how to obtain the optimal pick-and-place (PNP) sequence in a conveyor with two robots. Traditional methods are analyzed and their disadvantages are illustrated, and the algorithm we have developed is presented and accelerated using dynamic planning methods. Furthermore, by building PNPTIME tables, our algorithm considers the complex dynamics and geometry of the different robot models in practice. Our algorithm has sufficient computational speed to be suitable for practical PNP applications requiring high throughput, and extensive testing of the algorithm has shown a 10-20% improvement over traditional methods based on greedy methods.

A robust acoustic droplet ejection–drop-on-tape method delivers samples to an X-ray free-electron laser source for combined serial femtosecond crystallography and X-ray emission spectroscopy analysis, providing detailed insights into macromolecular reaction dynamics. X-ray crystallography at X-ray free-electron laser sources is a powerful method for studying macromolecules at biologically relevant temperatures. Moreover, when combined with complementary techniques like X-ray emission spectroscopy, both global structures and chemical properties of metalloenzymes can be obtained concurrently, providing insights into the interplay between the protein structure and dynamics and the chemistry at an active site. The implementation of such a multimodal approach can be compromised by conflicting requirements to optimize each individual method. In particular, the method used for sample delivery greatly affects the data quality. We present here a robust way of delivering controlled sample amounts on demand using acoustic droplet ejection coupled with a conveyor belt drive that is optimized for crystallography and spectroscopy measurements of photochemical and chemical reactions over a wide range of time scales. Studies with photosystem II, the phytochrome photoreceptor, and ribonucleotide reductase R2 illustrate the power and versatility of this method.

Usually, substantial part of a mine haulage system is based on belt conveyors. Reliability of such system is significant in terms of mining operation continuity and profitability. Numerous methods for conveyor belt monitoring have been developed, although many of them require physical presence of the monitoring staff in the dangerous environment. In this paper, a remote sensing method for assessing a conveyor belt condition using the Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) system has been described. For this purpose a methodology of semi-automatic processing of point cloud data for obtaining the belt geometry has been developed. The sample data has been collected in a test laboratory and processed with the proposed algorithms. Damaged belt surface areas have been successfully identified and edge defects were investigated. The proposed non-destructive testing methodology has been found to be suitable for monitoring the general condition of the conveyor belt and could be exceptionally successful and cost-effective if combined with an unmanned, robotic inspection system.

The article presents the results of theoretical studies of the dynamics of a belt conveyor with composite guide rollers with elastic elements. The patterns of movement of the driving and driven drums and the drive motor of the conveyor are obtained based on the analysis of the constructed graphical dependences of the parameters of the belt conveyor. The recommended values of the elastic-dissipative, inertial and kinematic parameters of the system are selected.

The article presents a diagram of a modernized design of a belt conveyor with composite guide rollers with elastic elements. A complex experimental technique is given. The patterns of changes in torques and angular velocities of the belt conveyor drums are obtained. The patterns of oscillations of the outer sleeve of the composite rollers of the conveyor guide are determined. Based on the analysis of the constructed profile substitutions their recommended values are determined which ensure high performance with minimal values of the friction force.