Explore the vast range of titles available.

Based on the non-equilibrium thermodynamics and energy and exergy analyses, a thermodynamic model of two-stage thermoelectric (TE) cooler (TTEC) driven by two-stage TE generator (TTEG) (TTEG-TTEC) combined TE device is established with involving Thomson effect by fitting method of variable physical parameters of TE materials. Taking total number of TE elements as constraint, influences of number distributions of TE elements on three device performance indictors, that is, cooling load, maximum COP and maximum exergetic efficiency, are analyzed. Three number distributions of TE elements are optimized with three maximum performance indictors as the objectives, respectively. Influences of hot-junction temperature of TTEG and cold-junction temperature of TTEC on optimization results are analyzed, and difference between optimization results corresponding to three performance indicators are studied. Optimal performance intervals and optimal variable intervals are provided. Influences of Thomson effect on three general performance indicators, three optimal performance indicators and optimal variables are comparatively discussed. Thomson effect reduces three general performance indicators and three optimal performance indicators of device. When hot- and cold-junction temperatures of TTEG and TTEC are 450, 305, 325 and 295 K, respectively, Thomson effect reduced maximum cooling load, maximum COP and maximum exergetic efficiency from 9.528 W, 9.043×10 −2 and 2.552% to 6.651 W, 6.286×10 −2 and 1.752%, respectively.

Energy consumption in buildings is considerably high in areas of hot and humid climates due to its association with high cooling loads. Electricity grids are highly affected by the consumption of cooling systems like air-conditioning and large refrigeration facilities, which significantly impact the economic and environmental sectors. As building design and operating parameters influence the cooling demand in the building, it is believed the root cause of the problem may be detected at an early building design stage. Thus, this review identifies the building design parameters that impact the cooling loads in build- ings that are geographically restricted to countries with hot and humid climates. The building’s design characteristics are classified into four main categories: glass characteristics, wall characteristics, building orientation and dimensions (BO & D), and building cooling system. The review was conducted over high-rise and low-rise buildings. Annual energy requirements (in some cases overlapping with electricity consumption), annual cooling loads, and peak cooling loads are the three forms in which energy demand reductions in buildings are represented. It is found that maximum annual cooling load savings are obtained through cooling systems, followed by wall characteristics, then glass characteristics, with the least for BO & D, with maximum reductions of up to 61%, 59%, 55%, and 21%, respectively. As for the peak cooling load reductions, wall characteristics, cooling systems, and glass characteristics had almost the same average values of 18.7%, 15.2%, and 17.2%, respectively, while BO & D are not reported due to the incomparable number of case studies. The parameters that have the most influence on reductions in peak cooling loads are wall and glass characteristics. In general, savings that are associated with wall characteristics are more significant for low-rise buildings than for high-rise buildings, while the latter is more influenced by glass characteristics. This is a reasonable conclusion since high-rise buildings, in general, acquire higher window-to-wall ratios than the former. In general, most studies considered glass characteristics, while fewer studies considered BO & D. This review has shown various aspects that are vital in studying building cooling load demand and its related energy performance.

In the present work, CuS–ZnO/water hybrid nanofluids (in concentrations of 0.0025 mass% and 0.005 mass%) are synthesized using a two-step method with nanoparticles composition of 95% CuS and 5% ZnO. The optically tuned nanofluid filter on the agricultural greenhouse roof can reduce the cooling load by transmitting the visible spectrum and absorbing the near-infrared radiation in the solar spectrum. The size distribution of nanoparticles, stability and optical transmission of both concentrations in the visible and near-infrared regions are examined. Two hollow containers (i.e., ducts) with thicknesses of 4 mm and 8 mm are prepared. Each of these ducts is attached to a greenhouse unit and placed in front of a solar simulator. The experimental results reveal that applying CuS–ZnO nanofluid reduces the inside temperature of the greenhouse unit under all irradiance and ambient temperature ranges. The cooling system gains an average of 27.4% less heat from the greenhouse unit when the CuS–ZnO nanofluid flows through an 8 mm duct compared to no-fluid case (empty duct). The photothermal conversion efficiency of nanofluid is found to be higher than the one for water. The crop growth factor of 82.2% is obtained for 8 mm duct case, and the photosynthetic photon flux density inside the greenhouse unit is reduced without affecting the growth of many plants. Furthermore, the payback period of the nanofluid system (with 8 mm duct) is calculated as 0.42 years, and the application of optically tuned nanofluid can help reduce the cooling system's size and energy requirement for cooling.

Due to their benefits in interior thermal comfort, energy saving, and noise reduction, radiant cooling systems have received wide attention. Radiant cooling systems can be viewed as a part of buildings’ maintenance structure and a component of cooling systems, depending on their construction. This article reviews studies on heat exchange in rooms utilizing radiant cooling systems, including research on conduction in radiant system structures, system cooling loads, cooling capacity, heat transfer coefficients of cooling surfaces, buildings’ thermal performance, and radiant system control strategy, with the goal of maximizing the benefits of energy conservation. Few studies have examined how radiant cooling systems interact with the indoor environment; instead, earlier research has focused on the thermal performance of radiant cooling systems themselves. Although several investigations have noted variations between the operating dynamics of radiant systems and conventional air conditioning systems, the cause has not yet been identified and quantified. According to heat transfer theory, the authors suggest that additional research on the performance of radiant systems should consider the thermal properties of inactive surfaces and that buildings’ thermal inertia should be used to coordinate radiant system operation.

The space layout is very essential in building design development and can significantly influence the energy performance of the built environment. Space layout design, which occurs during the early stages of scheme conception and design development, is one of the most important tasks in architectural design. This systematic literature review focused on the investigation of space layout and perimeter design variables on the energy performance of the buildings and the study of major energy performance indicators, such as lighting, ventilation, heating, and cooling load considering climatic factors. The Scopus database was used for a thorough investigation of the publications using space layout relevant keywords to study building energy performance. About 55 primary articles were assessed based on the impact of different variables concerned with space layout design mainly building perimeter variables on the energy performance of the building. From the review, we can conclude that by enhancing the perimeter design variables and spatial configuration substantial amount of energy can be saved. The orientation of the building, climate occupancy, and building form have a major role in the energy consumption investigation. According to the study, hospitals consumes more energy due to specific functional requirement than other buildings, and studies on the spatial configuration of the hospital is comparatively less where further studies can consider this issue along with the combination of multiple performance indicators. Well-configured space layout design may prevent unreasonable energy consumption and enhance the overall sustainability of the building and contribute to climate change mitigation.

The use of hybrid nanofluids is seen as a rarely studied approach in terms of thermal efficiency and still worth investigating. In this article, the effects of ZnO + Pure Water nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid ZnO + CuO + Pure Water nanofluid, used as coolant fluid in a commercial automobile radiator, on radiator cooling performance were experimentally investigated. In addition to this investigation, the effects of using several types of vehicle front grilles on cooling performance were also experimentally examined. In the study, pure water tests used for validation were first conducted, and the prepared nanofluids were tested respectively. The fluid inlet temperature to the radiator was 70 °C, the air inlet speed was 6 m·s −1 to 8 m·s −1 to 10 m·s −1 , and the fluid flow rate was 17 L·min −1 to 19 L·min −1 to 21 L·min −1 . The fluid concentrations used in the tests were as follows: 100  % pure water, pure water-based nanofluid containing ZnO particles at 0.3 % concentration, and hybrid nanofluid containing 0.15 % ZnO and 0.15 % CuO nanoparticles. At the end of the tests, the cooling performance was calculated by measuring the flow rate, pressure, speed, and temperatures of different coolant fluids and air, with the highest cooling performance achieved in the hybrid nanofluid with a 52 % increase. In addition to using this nanofluid, the effects of using front grilles with decreasing, increasing, and constant cross-sections toward the center on cooling performance were also examined, and the cooling performance was increased by up to 66.5 % by finding the optimum front grille geometry.

Purpose The prominence of energy conservation in worship buildings like mosques, temples, and churches has led many nations to enact regulations for enhanced energy efficiency. However, the upfront costs often deter decision-makers. This research focuses on mosques, investigating cooling load reduction strategies and assessing their long-term cost dynamics. Methods To address the challenge of meeting energy requirements for community worship places, with mosques as a case study, this research conducted a comprehensive investigation. Various cooling load reduction strategies, both active and passive, are assessed to understand their impact on long-term cost dynamics. DesignBuilder V7.0.2 software is used for simulations. Results and discussion In a hot and dry climate context, this research carefully selected strategies like external shading, exterior wall insulation, R10 polystyrene roof insulation HRBLUE2 windows, night ventilation practices, and LED lighting systems, steered by environmentally aware construction principles. The objective is to determine the optimum means of management of cooling loads through a delicately adjusted cooling load strategy. Moreover, the life cycle cost related to those cooling strategies is determined. The recommendation includes implementation of strategies that effectively reduce cooling loads, decrease life cycle cost, and improve overall performance, specifically adapted for mosque environments. Conclusion This research emphasizes the crucial necessity for practicing sustainability in the construction of community buildings utilized for worship and the significance of energy conservation. By investigating cooling load decreasing strategies for mosques and their corresponding long-term cost implications, it suggests valuable solutions for addressing the energy needs of such places. The findings emphasize the importance of executing strategies that reduce cooling loads efficiently along with improving overall performance and minimize.

The crucial significance of proper management of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems in energy-efficient buildings were the main reason for dedicating this study to test a novel approach for this task. Shuffled complex evolution (SCE) is an efficient metaheuristic technique that is used to optimize the performance of a multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP) for accurate prediction of cooling load (CL). The CL information of 768 residential buildings, obtained from a vast computer simulation in the published literature, is used to train and validate the performance of the proposed model. The results showed that the SCE could properly surmount the computational drawbacks of the MLP, as its learning and prediction accuracies are enhanced by 19.52 and 22.84%, respectively. Also, the SCE outperformed two benchmark optimizers of moth–flame optimization and optics inspired optimization in both training and testing phases. Another advantage of the tested SCE-MLP was the considerably simpler structure, and consequently, shorter computation time (722 vs. 1050 and 46,192 s). Therefore, the proposed model can be promisingly used in practice for the early prediction of CL in energy-efficient buildings.

Natural symptoms due to climate change have begun to be felt in Bandar Lampung city over the last few years. One of the reasons for this situation is high energy consumption to obtain thermal comfort in buildings. Efforts to slow the rate of climate change need to be made by reducing building energy consumption. In this study, an experiment was carried out in the form of applying VGS (Vertical Greenery System) to building facades as a strategy to reduce building energy consumption. The purpose of this research is to understand how to reduce the cooling load on a classroom on a campus building in the tropics by applying VGS based on green architecture principles. The research was carried out using a software-based modelling method. After the VGS model is implemented, the EUI value required to meet the existing sample room comfort standards is 1067 MJ/m2/year or the equivalent of 11,206 kWh, if converted into cooling load units (BTU) it is as much as 38,236,459 BTU. The costs required to meet energy needs are $726 or the equivalent of IDR 11,237,463.60 (exchange rate 15,478.60). The application of VGS in the room has an effective value of 10.2%.

This study examines the impact of various combinations of walls, roofs, and window‐to‐wall ratios (WWRs) on the cooling and heating loads of residential buildings in India's composite climatic zone. Utilizing EnergyPlus and eQuest simulations, the thermal performance of three building types is analyzed across 32 cases involving two types of walls (W1, W2), roofs (R1, R2), and WWRs of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The results indicate that Case 29 (W2 R2 N2 WWR1), characterized by a north‐facing orientation, square‐shaped design, and a 10% WWR, achieves the lowest cooling and heating loads among all configurations. Specifically, in Building 1, this configuration reduces cooling loads by 26.0% (from 204 to 151 kBTU/h) and heating loads by 28.6% (from 224 to 160 kBTU/h) compared to the highest load scenario, Case 4 (W1 R1 N1 WWR4, west‐facing orientation, square‐shaped design, and 40% WWR). Similar trends are observed for Buildings 2 and 3. These findings underscore the critical role of optimizing building envelope parameters, particularly orientation, shape, and WWR, in achieving significant energy savings. The insights provided by this study can aid architects, engineers, and policymakers in designing energy‐efficient residential buildings.