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Sustainable Development Pathways for China’s Copper Industry: A Three-Way Evolutionary Game Approach
Sustainable development is a tripartite game among the central (CG) and local governments (LGs) and enterprises, with economic factors as key drivers. China consumed about 16.2 million metric tons during this period, accounting for approximately 61% of global consumption, thereby reinforcing its position as the world’s leading copper consumer. Seeking a balance of acceptable interests among the three parties may be a feasible method to explore the sustainable development of China’s copper enterprises (CEs). Therefore, based on evolutionary game theory, we construct a three-party evolutionary game model. Using the financial data of Chinese CEs and actual survey data on the CG and LGs, we identified 31 environmental impact parameters from the CG, LGs, and CEs. Then, we used MATLAB R2023b to simulate an evolution model and determined the influence of various factors on the evolutionary stable state. The results show that LGs, as local managers, have implemented more direct and expedited regulations than the CG. Enterprises with less brand impact frequently face difficulties in complying with governmental regulatory demands. When interests are balanced, 30% of enterprises cannot meet standards within 40 months, which may cause 500 small and medium-sized enterprises to stop production, thus resulting in high unemployment costs for LGs. A scenario analysis evaluates the economic benefits of environmental measures based on evolutionary game results. The results show that the introduction of advanced hydrometallurgy technology has the highest economic benefits; after 5 years, the economic benefits of China’s entire copper industry will reach CNY 147.2 billion.
Journal Article
Copper in the Early Modern Sino-Japanese Trade
This volume sheds light on the important role of copper in early modern Sino-Japanese trade. It brings latest research findings on the subject, which were mostly published in Japanese, to an English-speaking audience.
eBook
Issue of Selecting Stress Field Parameters for the Analysis of Mining Excavation Stability Using Numerical Methods in the Conditions of the LGCB Mines
This paper concerns the issue of selecting appropriate stress field parameters for predicting the stability of headings driven under the geological and mining conditions of Polish underground copper mines. The problem is of key importance due to strict safety requirements in mine workings that serve ventilation and transport functions. Numerical analyses were carried out for four stress field variants: the stress state determined based on Bulin’s formulas (variant 1), the hydrostatic stress state (variant 2), and stress states determined from in situ measurements conducted in the Rudna mine (variant 3 and variant 4). Numerical simulations were performed for a group of four headings, supported with fully grouted rock bolts, in the geological and mining conditions of the Rudna mine. Stability assessment was performed using the finite element method (FEM). Rock mass input parameters for the modeling were obtained with RocLab 1.0, applying the Hoek–Brown classification, while numerical analyses employed the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. The elastic–plastic model with softening was used to describe the rock mass behaviour. Numerical calculations were conducted in the RS2 computer program in a triaxial stress state and in a plane strain state. The range of the yielded rock mass zone in the roof of the headings was assumed as the optimal measure of the headings stability. The obtained simulation results provided a basis for recommending suitable rock bolting systems to protect the stability of headings developed under various initial stress field conditions.
Journal Article
Zheshengite, Pbsub.4ZnZnsub.2sub.2: A New Mineral of the Dongchuanite Group and the Influence of As–P Isomorphic Substitution on Unit-Cell Parameters of Dongchuanite Group Minerals
Zheshengite (IMA2022-011), Pb[sub.4]ZnZn[sub.2](AsO[sub.4])[sub.2](PO[sub.4])[sub.2](OH)[sub.2], is a new mineral from Sanguozhuang Village in the eastern Dongchuan Copper Ore Field, Yunnan Province, China. The new mineral is named after Zhesheng Ma (1937–). Zheshengite occurs as prismatic single crystals with chisel-like terminations on hemimorphite, with crystal sizes ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 mm. It is a brittle mineral with irregular fractures, a Mohs hardness of 2½ to 3, perfect cleavage on 011, and a calculated density of 6.26 g/cm[sup.3]. The empirical formula of zheshengite, based on 18 O atoms per formula unit, is (Pb[sub.4.12]Ca[sub.0.01])[sub.∑4.13](Zn[sub.0.83]Cu[sub.0.23]Fe[sub.0.04])[sub.∑1.10]Zn[sub.2.00][(As[sub.0.90]P[sub.0.10])[sub.∑1.00]O[sub.4]][sub.2][(P[sub.0.94]Si[sub.0.01])[sub.∑0.95]O[sub.4]][sub.2](OH)[sub.2]. Zheshengite exhibits a triclinic structure (space group P−1, no. 2), with unit-cell parameters: a = 4.7746(4) Å, b = 8.4920 (7) Å, c = 10.4056 (8) Å, α = 97.087 (7)°, β = 101.060 (7)°, γ = 92.996 (7)°, V = 409.66 (6) Å[sup.3], and Z = 1. As a member of the dongchuanite group, zheshengite features a dongchuanite-type structure. This study reveals the impact of As–P isomorphic substitution on unit-cell parameters in the dongchuanite group, identifying correlations between As content and changes in parameters a and V, which may serve as diagnostic indicators for dongchuanite group minerals. In addition, the structure studies of zheshengite may have implications for environmental protection.
Journal Article
The Legacy of American Copper Smelting
Throughout world history, copper has been a significant
metal for a vast number of cultures, from the oldest
civilizations on record to the Bronze Age and Greek and Roman
antiquity. Though replaced by iron as the primary metal for tools
and weapons in ancient civilizations, copper found new resurgence
in the nineteenth century when it was discovered to have
particularly high thermal and electrical conductivity. Copper
mining quickly escalated into a large-scale industry, and because
of its vast reserves and innovative mining techniques, the United
States seized the reins of global production with the opening of
significant copper mines in Tennessee and Michigan in the 1840s
and Montana in the 1870s. Copper-mining prosperity and
America’s dominance of the industry came with a heavy
environmental price, however. As rich copper deposits declined
with increased mining efforts, large deposits of leaner
ores—oftentimes less than one percent pure—had to be
mined to keep pace with America’s technological thirst for
copper. Processing such ore left an inordinate amount of
industrial waste, such as tailings and slag deposits from the
refining process and toxic materials from the ores themselves,
and copper mining regions around the United States began to see
firsthand the landscape degradation wrought by the industry. In
The Legacy of American Copper Smelting , Bode J. Morin
examines America’s three premier copper sites:
Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula, Tennessee’s Copper
Basin, and Butte- Anaconda, Montana. Morin focuses on what the
copper industry meant to the townspeople working in and around
these three major sites while also exploring the smelters’
environmental effects. Each site dealt with pollution management
differently, and each site had to balance an EPA-mandated cleanup
effort alongside the preservation of a once-proud industry.
Morin’s work sheds new light on the EPA’s efforts to
utilize Superfund dollars and/or protocols to erase the
environmental consequences of copper-smelting while locals and
preservationists tried to keep memories of the copper industry
alive in what were dying or declining post-industrial towns. This
book will appeal to anyone interested in the American history of
copper or heritage preservation studies, as well as historians of
modern America, industrial technology, and the
environment.
eBook
Lead and Copper Removal from Mine Tailings Using ILycium chilense/I and IHaplopappus foliosus/I
In Chile, the budget for managing environmental liabilities such as abandoned tailings impoundments is limited. Using native and endemic plant species to remove heavy metals from tailings represents a low-cost alternative. Ex situ phytoremediation experiments were conducted over a period of seven months. The endemic species Lycium chilense and native species Haplopappus foliosus were used to remove copper and lead from mine tailings. The results indicate that both species can concentrate levels of Cu and Pb higher than the toxicity threshold in the roots and aerial parts, and present high removal efficiency for Cu higher than 50%. In both species, the concentrations of the target elements are higher in the roots than in the aerial parts. Haplopappus foliosus presents the best performance, accumulating higher concentrations of Cu and Pb than Lycium chilense, and presenting a bioconcentration of over one for Cu.
Journal Article
From Worker-Peasant to Reluctant Revolutionary Industrial Worker in the Establishment of Iran's Copper Industry: The Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine, 1960s–1970s
This paper studies the transformation of the worker-peasant to reluctant revolutionary industrial worker during the establishment of Iran's copper industry at the Sarcheshmeh copper mine from 1966 to 1979. It explores the procedural rules implemented by mine management, such as coercion and paternalism, and the nature of the employment relationship, including methods of control, bargaining, and dispute resolution. Consideration is given to engagement of different agents with welfare policy and industrial relations, including the nature of capital, the structure of ownership, the path of traditional labor relations, and international contributors on one side and workers’ agency and their structural power in the context of evolving domestic and international environments on the other. Also highlighted is the role played by the workers’ background and economic improvement and how these factors affected their political stance during the 1979 revolution.
Journal Article