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Copper and Copper oxide nanoparticles have garnered a lot of attention among the metal oxide nanoparticles, especially because of their many characteristics and applications in many disciplines, notably nanomedicine and biomedical sciences. We have covered all of the conceivable green production techniques of copper/copper oxide nanoparticles in this review. This manuscript also diagrammatically depicts the exact mechanism of all conceivable biosynthetic routes. We also look at the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties of biosynthesized copper/copper oxide nanoparticles, as well as their effects on plant growth, nutrition, and defense mechanism.

BackgroundDisulfiram (DS), in the presence of copper (Cu), exhibited potent broad anticancer activity. However, its clinical application is limited due to the poor solubility and stability. Hence, a novel nanocombination of DS with bacterially synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) was prepared herein to improve the anticancer efficacy of the typical DS–Cu complex. Our design utilized the nanocharacterization and prooxidant effect-mediated anticancer activity of CuO NPs which may lead to enhanced cellular uptake and thus improved anticancer efficacy of this unique nanocomplex.ResultsThe characterized DS–CuO NPs exhibited high stability in serum and the strongest selective anticancer activity, with the lowest half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50 < 15 nM), against human breast, lung and liver cancer cells, by >10-fold, compared to DS–Cu, CuO NPs and Cu. Importantly, DS–CuO NPs revealed better synergistic anticancer effect and higher cellular uptake than DS–Cu. Moreover, this novel nanocomplex showed higher prooxidant effect-mediated apoptosis and anti-metastatic potential. This was accomplished by elevating cellular reactive species content with inhibiting the antioxidant defenders (functional marker of cancer stem cells (aldehyde dehydrogenase) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor2), matrix metallopeptidase 9 and NF-κB as well as enhancing p53 expression.ConclusionAll of the aforementioned findings verified that this novel nanocomplex was capable of improving the therapeutic index of the conventional DS–Cu complex. The potent selective anticancer activity of this promising nanomedicine merits further investigation, as a separate future study, using animal models as preliminary step before its clinical application.Graphic abstract

We report the synthesis of CuO, Cu/Cu2O and Cu2O/CuO nanoparticles (NPs) from the single copper (II) acetate bipyridine complex by three different methods:microwave-assisted, solvothermal and borohydride. Presence of bipyridine ligand in the copper complex would impose no need in additional stabilization during synthesis. The phases of formed NPs were identified by X-ray diffraction. CuO NPs of ~11 nm were obtained via solvothermal synthesis from alkaline solution at 160?C. The Cu/Cu2O NPs of ~80 nm were produced via microwave-assisted polyol procedure at 185-200?C, where ethylene glycol can play a triple role as a solvent, a reducing agent and a surfactant. The Cu2O/CuO NPs of ~16 nm were synthesized by a borohydride method at room temperature. Interplanar spacing calculated from the selected-area electron diffraction data confirmed the formation of Cu, CuO and Cu2O phases in respective samples. All NPs are stable and can be used for various applications including biomedicine. nema

The present study illustrated for the first time the construction, characterization, and electroanalytical validation of reduced graphene oxide-copper oxide nanoparticles based screen-printed carbon electrodes (rGO-CuONPs-SPCEs) for sensitive differential pulse voltammetric quantification of ulipristal acetate (ULP) in pharmaceutical and biological samples. The rGO/CuONPs ratio within the nanohybrid was optimized with comprehensive characterization of the morphology and the electroanalytical features of the electrode surface. The fabricated sensors with the optimal composition exhibited enhanced performance towards the oxidation of ULP molecule at 0.72 V with a diffusion-controlled mechanism. Deep and comprehensive molecular orbital and electroanalytical studies sustained oxidation of the terminal nitrogen atom (N2) with the transfer of two electrons/one proton. The illustrated calibration graphs were linear within the ULP concentration ranged from 0.010 to 5.04 µgmL −1 , with LOD value of 0.003 µgmL −1 . The developed sensors showed prolonged lifetime, high mechanical stability, and measurement reproducibility. The presented voltammetric procedure has been introduced for sensitive monitoring of ULP residues in biological and pharmaceutical samples. The outcomes were contrasted with the previously reported ULP analytical methods. Graphical Abstract

This comprehensive study explores the kinetics of adsorption and its photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) using an advanced copper-decorated photocatalyst in the form of hollow fibers (HFs). Designed to boost both adsorption capacity and photocatalytic activity, the photocatalyst was tested in batch experiments to efficiently remove MO from aqueous solutions. Various isotherm models, including Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich, along with kinetic models like pseudo-first and pseudo-second order, Elovich, Bangham, and Weber–Morris, were utilized to assess adsorption capacity and kinetics at varying initial concentrations. The results indicated a favorable MO physisorption on the nanocomposite photocatalyst under specific conditions. Further analysis of photocatalytic degradation under UV exposure revealed that the material maintained high degradation efficiency and stability across different MO concentrations. Through the facilitation of reactive oxygen species generation, oxygen played a crucial role in enhancing photocatalytic performance, while the degradation process following the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. The study also confirmed the robustness and sustained activity of the nanocomposite photocatalyst, which could be regenerated and reused over five successive cycles, maintaining 92% of their initial performance at concentrations up to 15 mg/L. Overall, this effective nanocomposite photocatalyst structured in the form of HF shows great promise for effectively removing organic pollutants through combined adsorption and photocatalysis, offering valuable potential in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.

Copper ferrite-copper oxide (CuO-CuFe O ) nanoparticles as a semiconductor composite with p-n junction were synthesized by co-precipitation reaction. Then, a novel CuO-CuFe O carbon paste modified electrode was fabricated which displays an effectual electrocatalytic response to the oxidation of acetaminophen (AC) and codeine (CO). A linear range of 0.01-1.5 μmol L and 0.06-10.0 μmol L with the detection limits of 0.007 μmol L and 0.01 μmol L were achieved for AC and CO, respectively. The practical usage of the proposed sensor revealed reasonable results for quantification of AC and CO in biological fluids.

Copper ferrite−copper oxide (CuO-CuFe2O4) nanoparticles as a semiconductor composite with p–n junction were synthesized by co-precipitation reaction. Then, a novel CuO-CuFe2O4 carbon paste modified electrode was fabricated which displays an effectual electrocatalytic response to the oxidation of acetaminophen (AC) and codeine (CO). A linear range of 0.01–1.5 μmol L−1 and 0.06–10.0 μmol L−1 with the detection limits of 0.007 μmol L−1 and 0.01 μmol L−1 were achieved for AC and CO, respectively. The practical usage of the proposed sensor revealed reasonable results for quantification of AC and CO in biological fluids. [Display omitted] •Copper ferrite−copper oxide nanoparticles as a semiconductor composite with p–n junction were synthesized by co-precipitation reaction.•The structure and morphology of nanocomposite was characterized using XRD, FE-SEM and FT-IR spectra.•CuO-CuFe2O4 carbon paste modified electrode was fabricated which displays an effectual electrocatalytic response to the oxidation of acetaminophen and codeine.•No interference was seen from typical species existing in biological samples which suggest selectivity of the modified electrode for accurate analysis of AC and CO in biological samples.

The use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles is frequently regarded as a potential solution to the issue of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Among the proposed range of nanoparticles with antibacterial properties, copper oxide nanoparticles are of particular interest. Although the antibacterial properties of copper have been known for a considerable period of time, studies on the effects of copper oxide nanomaterials with respect to biological systems have attracted considerable attention in recent years. This review presents a summary of the antibacterial properties of copper oxide nanoparticles, the mechanisms by which the antibacterial effect is realized, and the key reported methods of modifying these nanoparticles to improve their antibacterial activity. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of these nanoparticles is presented depending on the type of microorganism, the shape of the nanoparticles, and the Gram classification of bacteria based on data from published sources. In addition, the review addresses the biological activities of copper oxide nanoparticles, including their antifungal and cytotoxic properties, as well as their “antioxidant” activity. According to the conducted analysis of the literature data, it can be concluded that copper oxide nanoparticles have a significant bacteriostatic potential with respect to a wide range of microorganisms and, in some cases, contribute to the inhibition of fungal growth. At the same time, the sensitivity of Gram-positive bacteria to the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles was often higher than that of Gram-negative bacteria.

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is a major potato disease globally, leading to significant economic losses of $6.7 billion. To address this issue, we evaluated the antifungal activity of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles (NPs) against P. infestans for the first time in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Nanoparticles were synthesized via a chemical precipitation method and characterized using various techniques. The XRD results revealed that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles had a pure hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure, whereas the CuO NPs had a monoclinic crystalline structure. TEM images confirmed the synthesis of quasi-spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 11.5 nm for ZnO NPs and 24.5 nm for CuO NPs. The UV–Vis Spectral Report showed peaks corresponding to ZnO NPs at 364 nm and 252 nm for CuO NPs.In an in vitro study, both ZnO and CuO NPs significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the radial growth of P. infestans at all tested concentrations compared to the untreated control. The highest inhibitory effect of 100% was observed with ZnO and CuO NPs at 30 mg/L. A lower inhibition of 60.4% was observed with 10 mg/L CuO NPs. Under greenhouse conditions, 100 mg/L ZnO NPs was the most effective treatment for controlling potato late blight, with an efficacy of 71%. CuO NPs at 100 mg/L followed closely, with an efficacy of 69%. Based on these results, ZnO and CuO NPs are recommended as promising eco-friendly fungicides for the management and control of potato late blight after further research.Graphical abstract

In the past couple of years, hybrid nanofluids have garnered substantial attention due to their augmented flow and thermal properties. When such fluids propagate through a pipe, they reveal characteristics that make them applicable in a variety of different fields for geothermal energy extraction. Hence, this article presents a discussion on the behavior of hybrid nanofluid flow using a model based on third-grade sodium alginate. Sodium alginate has the potential to be used in the extraction of geothermal energy. To investigate the current flow, two kinds of nanoparticles are proposed: zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO). Additionally, the effects of electric and magnetic fields are taken into consideration in the current flow. The fully evolved, incompressible fluid is moving through a pipe. The energy equation takes into consideration a variety of factors, including viscous dissipation and joule heating. The homotopy perturbation approach is used for obtaining the series solutions of nonlinear differential equations (DEs). The resultant differential equations have been solved up to third-order solutions. It is worth concluding that the electric field and the thermal Grashof number significantly impact the velocity profile, resulting in a solid symmetrical pattern. The nanoparticles increased the fluid’s viscosity, perhaps slowing it down. The integration of nanoparticles decreases the amount of the thermal profile over the whole pipe. Still, when copper oxide nanoparticles are absent, the thermal profile is at its most considerable magnitude. The pressure decreases equally impact the velocity and thermal properties.