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Lack of a rapid and robust in vitro regeneration protocol for Tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) hinders the genetic transformation of jute crops for different agronomic traits of interest. The current study was conducted to develop a rapid, efficient, and reproducibleregeneration protocol for recalcitrant Tossa jute. The potential of auxins (IAA, IBA) and cytokinin (BAP) for the induction of callus, regeneration of shoot and formation of root from the cotyledon with attached petiole of cultivar O-9897 on MS was tested accordingly. Approximately, total 96 calli (out of 100 explants) were induced within 32 days on MS media harboring 2.5 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L IAA. Within 5 weeks, about 95 calli regenerated total 99 shoots (86.6%) after 8–10 days of culture. Rooting of 52 regenerants (52.5%) was initiated on half-strength MS media supplemented with 1.0 mg/L IBA within 10 days. After acclimatization, a total of 52 rooted plantlets were transferred to the soil pot and 45 (86.53%) plantlets were survived and turned to normal plants without somaclonal variations. It is the first investigation analyzing foliar micro-morphological characters like stomata, trichomes, and vein patterning of leaves from in-vitro grown progeny and acclimatized plants that assess the developmental adaptation of micropropagated plantlets for survival under field conditions. The findings demonstrate morphological homogeneity between micropropagated plants regenerated from cotyledon explants with attached petioles and the mother plants. This is the pioneering report on foliar micromorphological analysis at subsequent micropropagation stages, confirming the phenotypic fidelity of regenerants.

Background Endophytic fungi are very rich sources of natural antibacterial and antifungal compounds. The main aim of this study is to isolate the fungal endophytes from the medicinal plant Corchorus olitorius seeds (F. Malvaceae ), followed by antimicrobial screening against various bacterial and fungal strains. Results Seven endophytic fungal strains belonging to different three genera were isolated, including Penicillium , Fusarium , and Aspergillus . The seven isolated endophytic strains revealed selective noticeable activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC25922) with varied IC 50s ranging from 1.19 to 10 µg /mL, in which Aspergillus sp. (Ar 6) exhibited the strongest potency against E. coli (ATCC 25,922) and candida albicans (ATCC 10,231) with IC 50s 1.19 and 15 µg /mL, respectively. Therefore, the chemical profiling of Aspergillus sp. (Ar 6) crude extract was performed using LC-HR-ESI-MS and led to the dereplication of sixteen compounds of various classes (1–16). In-silico analysis of the dereplicated metabolites led to highlighting the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity of Aspergillus sp. extract. Moreover, molecular docking showed the potential targets of the metabolites; Astellatol (5), Aspergillipeptide A (10), and Emericellamide C (14) against E. coli and C. albicans . Conclusion These results will expand the knowledge of endophytes and provide us with new approaches to face the global antibiotic resistance problem and the future production of undiscovered compounds different from the antibiotics classes.

The recent excessive industrial usage and applications of nanomaterials and quantum dots (QDs) will lead to high abundance of wastes that will be exposed to the environment causing contamination and risk for human health especially when they reach to water resources. Thus, the main objective in this work is devoted to remove silver quantum dots (Ag-QDs) by an efficient fibrous composite (COSB@DETA@δ-FeOOH@DETA@NC) prepared on the basis of crosslinking reaction of Corchorus olitorius stalks biochar (COSB) with feroxyhyte (δ-FeOOH) and natural cotton (NC) via diethylenetriamine (DETA). SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and XPS have been manipulated to characterize the fibrous composite. Coagulative adsorprtion of Ag-QDs from water onto COSB@DETA@δ-FeOOH@DETA@NC fibrous composite was monitored and optimized under different conditions of stirring time, composite mass, initial Ag-QDs concentration, pH, electrolyte concentration and temperature. The coagulative removal process was confirmed to take place in few minutes giving rise to 100% recovery via an efficient reaction of Ag-QDs onto COSB@DETA@δ-FeOOH@DETA@NC. The adsorption equilibrium of Ag-QDs was clarified via pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.999) and Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.947 and Qmax = 163.93 mg g−1). The coagulative adsorption and removal mechanism of Ag-QDs was interpreted via four interaction modes, e.g., charge neutralization, metal–ligand interaction, van der Waal forces and bridging function due to high N and O contents in the composite structure. The fibrous composite achieved excellent regeneration performance and superior efficiency in Ag-QDs recovery values (> 93%) from real samples such as tap, sea and wastewater from 10 to 50 mg L−1.

A polybutylene succinate (PBS) composite reinforced with natural jute (Corchorus olitorius) fibers (50-80 μm) was investigated for its mechanical properties and biodegradability. This study aims to investigate the effects of fiber additions and size variations on composite performance and environmental sustainability. The PBS80/JF20 composite with 80 μm jute particles demonstrated the lowest MFI at 26 g.10 min-1, significantly lower than that of pure PBS (p<0.05), indicating reduced flowability. Tensile strength decreased with the addition of jute fiber, reaching 21.4 MPa with 50 μm particles. Density was also reduced, with the lowest recorded at 1.27 g.cm³- in PBS95/Jute5 (p<0.05). The composites with 80 μm fibers exhibited a slightly higher weight loss (9.5%) compared to those with 50 μm fibers (6.8%), likely due to insufficient interfacial adhesion in larger fibers, making them more susceptible to microbial degradation. Results indicate that adding natural jute fibers into the PBS matrix leads to significant decreases in melt flow index, tensile strength, and impact energy, while significantly enhancing density, water absorption, and biodegradability with respect to neat PBS. Further analysis of fiber sizes revealed that increasing fiber size (from 50 to 80 μm) results in a non-significant decrease in melt flow index, tensile strength, density, impact energy, water absorption, and biodegradation rates. These findings suggest that while the addition of natural fibers compromises mechanical properties, it significantly improves the environmental attributes of the composites, like water absorption and biodegradation (p<0.05). Fibers with a smaller diameter are preferable for maintaining mechanical integrity, while fibers with a larger diameter enhance biodegradability. The paper provides valuable insights into the development of a biocomposite material that balances mechanical performance with environmental sustainability.

Jute (Corchorus spp.) is the second most important global natural fiber crop after cotton. Analyses of the genetic diversity and population structure of the germplasm are useful for improving Corchorus breeding. Recently, limited studies on genetic diversity and population structure in jute have been carried out. In the present study, the genetic diversity and population structure of 453 accessions in Corchorus olitorius L., including cultivars, landraces, genetic materials and wild germplasm, were analyzed using 39 SSR markers. The results showed that C. olitorius populations have moderate genetic diversity with an average gene diversity (he) value of 0.322 and polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.270 in all accessions. Regarding the geographic distribution, the average he and PIC values were highest in Kenya (0.332, 0.273), followed by Nepal (0.307, 0.259), and China (0.303, 0.253). Among the different germplasm types, the wild germplasm showed higher genetic diversity with an average he value of 0.362 and PIC value of 0.299. The population structure analysis revealed two populations, Pop1 and Pop2; Pop1 was further divided into three subpopulations, and Pop2 was further divided into two subpopulations. These populations were verified by FST statistics, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and neighbour-joining trees. This study contributes to the knowledge about levels and distribution of genetic diversity of C. olitorius worldwide and provides clues about the origin of C. olitorius.

Background Dietary supplementation with polyphenolic compounds is associated with reduced diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders in humans. The antioxidative properties of polyphenolic compounds contribute to their antiobesity effect in animal experiments and human studies. Aim The aim of the study was to investigate the antiobesity effect of polyphenolic compounds from molokheiya leaves in LDLR-/- mice fed high-fat diet and to elucidate the mechanism of this effect. Methods Three groups of LDLR-/- mice were fed with a high-fat diet, supplemented with 0% (control), 1 or 3% molokheiya leaf powder (MLP). Gene expression in the liver associated with lipid and glucose metabolism was analyzed, and physical parameters and blood biochemistry were determined. Results Compared to controls, mice body weight gain ( P  = 0.003), liver weight ( P  = 0.001) and liver triglyceride levels ( P  = 0.005) were significantly lower in the two MLP groups. Epididymal adipose tissue weight ( P  = 0.003) was reduced in the 3% MLP group. Liver tissue gene expression of gp91phox (NOX2), involved in oxidative stress, was significantly down-regulated ( P  = 0.005), and PPARα and CPT1A, related to the activation of β-oxidation, were significantly up-regulated ( P  = 0.025 and 0.006, respectively) in the 3% MLP group compared to the control group. Conclusions Our results demonstrate an antiobesity effect of polyphenolic compounds from molokheiya leaves and that this effect is associated with reduction in oxidative stress and enhancement of β-oxidation in the liver. Consumption of molokheiya leaves may be beneficial for preventing diet-induced obesity.

A facile bottom-up “green” synthetic route of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) is described, using a leaf extract of the Malvaceae plant Corchorus olitorius as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The size and shape of the obtained nanoparticles were modulated by varying the amounts of the metal salt and the broth extract in the reaction medium. Only one hour was required for the complete conversion to Au NPs, suggesting that the reaction rate was higher or comparable to those of nanoparticles synthesized by chemical methods. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). While infrared spectroscopy was employed to characterize the various functional groups in the organic layer that stabilized the particles, TEM images were used to optimize the conditions for NPs growth. A low concentration of the C. olitorius extract yielded mixed triangular and hexagonal shapes; in contrast, quasi-spherical shapes of Au NPs with an average size of 37–50 nm were obtained at a higher extract broth concentration. The Au NPs displayed Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) bands at 535 nm. An in vitro cytotoxic assay of the biocompatible Au NPs revealed a strong cytotoxic activity in three human cancer cell lines, namely, colon carcinoma HCT-116, hepatocellular carcinoma HepG-2, and breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7. In-silico bioactivity, drug-likeness, and ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) predictions were conducted in order to examine the pharmacokinetic behavior of the compounds present in the C. olitorius extract.

Summary Cultivated jute, which comprises the two species Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius, is the second most important natural fibre source after cotton. Here we describe chromosome‐level assemblies of the genomes of both cultivated species. The C. capsularis and C. olitorius assemblies are each comprised of seven pseudo‐chromosomes, with the C. capsularis assembly consisting of 336 Mb with 25,874 genes and the C. olitorius assembly containing 361 Mb with 28 479 genes. Although the two Corchorus genomes exhibit collinearity, the genome of C. olitorius contains 25 Mb of additional sequences than that of C. capsularis with 13 putative inversions, which might give a hint to the difference of phenotypic variants between the two cultivated jute species. Analysis of gene expression in isolated fibre tissues reveals candidate genes involved in fibre development. Our analysis of the population structures of 242 cultivars from C. capsularis and 57 cultivars from C. olitorius by whole‐genome resequencing resulted in post‐domestication bottlenecks occurred ~2000 years ago in these species. We identified hundreds of putative significant marker‐trait associations (MTAs) controlling fibre fineness, cellulose content and lignin content of fibre by integrating data from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) with data from analyses of selective sweeps due to natural and artificial selection in these two jute species. Among them, we further validated that CcCOBRA1 and CcC4H1 regulate fibre quality in transgenic plants via improving the biosynthesis of the secondary cell wall. Our results yielded important new resources for functional genomics research and genetic improvement in jute and allied fibre crops.

Background Jute is considered one of the most important crops for fiber production and multipurpose usages. Caffeoyl-CoA 3- O -methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) is a crucial enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis in plants. The potential functions of CCoAOMT in lignin biosynthesis of jute have been reported in several studies. However, little is known about the evolution of the CCoAOMT gene family, and either their expression level at different developing stages in different jute cultivars, as well as under abiotic stresses including salt and drought stress. Results In the present study, 66 CCoAOMT genes from 12 species including 12 and eight CCoAOMTs in Corchorus olitorius and C. capsularis were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CCoAOMTs could be divided into six groups, and gene expansion was observed in C. olitorius . Furthermore, gene expression analysis of developing jute fibers was conducted at different developmental stages (15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days after sowing [DAS]) in six varieties (Jute-179 [J179], Lubinyuanguo [LB], and Qiongyueqing [QY] for C. capsularis ; Funong No.5 [F5], Kuanyechangguo [KY], and Cvlv [CL] for C. olitorius ). The results showed that CCoAOMT1 and CCoAOMT2 were the dominant genes in the CCoAOMT family. Of these two dominant CCoAOMTs , CCoAOMT2 showed a constitutive expression level during the entire growth stages, while CCoAOMT1 exhibited differential expression patterns. These two genes showed higher expression levels in C. olitorius than in C. capsularis. The correlation between lignin content and CCoAOMT gene expression levels indicated that this gene family influences the lignin content of jute. Using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), a substantial up-regulation of CCoAOMTs was detected in stem tissues of jute 24 h after drought treatment, with an up to 17-fold increase in expression compared to that of untreated plants. Conclusions This study provides a basis for comprehensive genomic studies of the entire CCoAOMT gene family in C. capsularis and C. olitorius. Comparative genomics analysis among the CCoAOMT gene families of 12 species revealed the close evolutionary relationship among Corchorus , Theobroma cacao and Gossypium raimondii. This study also shows that CCoAOMTs are not only involved in lignin biosynthesis, but also are associated with the abiotic stress response in jute, and suggests the potential use of these lignin-related genes to genetically improve the fiber quality of jute.

This study extracted the mucilage from Corchorus olitorius L. to observe its chemical and functional properties and suggest its possible applications in various fields. Corchorus olitorius L. mucilage was isolated by hot water extraction. FT-IR and HPAEC-PAD were used to describe the chemical composition, and the functional properties and antioxidant activities of the mucilage were also examined. The mucilage was mainly composed of uronic acid (34.24%, w/w). The solubility was 79.48 ± 1.08% at 65 °C, the swelling index was 29.01 ± 2.54% at 25 °C, and the water-holding capacity and oil-binding capacity were 28.66 ± 1.48 and 8.423 ± 0.23 g/g, respectively. The mucilage viscosity increased from 4.38 to 154.97 cP in a concentration-dependent manner. Increasing the concentration decreased the emulsion activity and increased the emulsion stability, most likely because of the corresponding increase in surface tension and viscosity. Results from antioxidant assays confirmed that the in-vitro radical scavenging activity of the mucilage increased with concentration. This study shows that C. olitorius L. can be utilized as a new hydrocolloid source, with potential applications in fields ranging from foods to cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.