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A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases
Chronic diseases are common and costly, yet they are also among the most preventable health problems. Comprehensive and accurate disease surveillance systems are needed to implement successful efforts which will reduce the burden of chronic diseases on the U.S. population. A number of sources of surveillance data-including population surveys, cohort studies, disease registries, administrative health data, and vital statistics-contribute critical information about chronic disease. But no central surveillance system provides the information needed to analyze how chronic disease impacts the U.S. population, to identify public health priorities, or to track the progress of preventive efforts.
A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases outlines a conceptual framework for building a national chronic disease surveillance system focused primarily on cardiovascular and chronic lung diseases. This system should be capable of providing data on disparities in incidence and prevalence of the diseases by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic region, along with data on disease risk factors, clinical care delivery, and functional health outcomes. This coordinated surveillance system is needed to integrate and expand existing information across the multiple levels of decision making in order to generate actionable, timely knowledge for a range of stakeholders at the local, state or regional, and national levels.
The recommendations presented in A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases focus on data collection, resource allocation, monitoring activities, and implementation. The report also recommends that systems evolve along with new knowledge about emerging risk factors, advancing technologies, and new understanding of the basis for disease. This report will inform decision-making among federal health agencies, especially the Department of Health and Human Services; public health and clinical practitioners; non-governmental organizations; and policy makers, among others.
eBook
Aspirin dosing frequency in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events
Aspirin has been a cornerstone of cardiovascular disease prevention since the late 1980s. Despite the popularity of aspirin and its wide use, the proper dosing and frequency of aspirin has yet to be determined. Early aspirin trials focused on its utility in broad target populations, but this strategy did not magnify the benefit of aspirin, and rather increased the complication rate. We have learned from previous studies that laboratory and clinical response to aspirin therapy in patients with different conditions and settings are diverse. This difference in aspirin response necessitates a personalized, tailored aspirin therapy. We aim to perform a comprehensive review of the current evidence surrounding aspirin responsiveness in several distinct patient populations and the rationale of different aspirin frequency and dosing strategies. Our conclusions call for future studies to determine individualized aspirin strategies to maximize the benefit and minimize the risk of aspirin.
Journal Article
Health-Related Quality of Life in Cardiac Patients with Dyslipidemia and Hypertension
Background: Hypertension is associated with lower health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Similar association may be found for dyslipidemia. However, controversies exist regarding the HRQOL with dyslipidemia. We evaluated the HRQOL of cardiac patients with and without dyslipidemia and hypertension. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 284 cardiac patients rated their HRQOL using SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36), and three preference-based measures (Rating Scale, Time Trade-off and Standard Gamble). Results: Compared to those without dyslipidemia, those with dyslipidemia reported better HRQOL on all preference-based measures and most SF-36 scales particularly on the physical health scales. Adjusted mean differences and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were equal to 4.5 (0.5, 8.5), 10.8 (2.8, 18.8), and 2.2 (0.2, 4.2) on the Physical Functioning, the Role-Physical and the Physical Component Summary scales, respectively. Exactly the opposite trends were observed among patients with hypertension. The adjusted mean differences (95% CI) were equal to -2.7 (-6.7, 1.4), -10.9 (-19.1, -2.8), and -2.9 (-4.9, -0.9) on the Physical Functioning, the Role-Physical and the Physical Component Summary scales, respectively. Conclusion: Cardiac patients with hypertension reported lower physical health than those without hypertension while cardiac patients with dyslipidemia reported better physical health than those without dyslipidemia. The reason for these different trends is not known. Possible explanations are discussed.
Journal Article
Comparing the Psychometric Properties of Preference-Based and Nonpreference-Based Health-Related Quality of Life in Coronary Heart Disease
A cross-sectional survey (n = 878) was conducted to compare the psychometric properties of three preference-based and one nonpreference-based health-related quality of life measures among healthy subjects with and without treatment for dyslipidemia and/or hypertension and patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). All measures were stable over a 3 to 6 weed period. Compared to the Time Trade-off (TTO) and the Standard Gamble (SG), the Rating Scale (RS) correlated with the SF-36 Health Survey most highly. In contrast to the SF-36 General Health Perception (GHP), the SF-36 Physical Component scale and the RS, the TTO and SG were less able to discriminate CHD patients with various levels of physical disability. Only the SF-36 GHP subscale and the RS were able to differentiate healthy participants from participants receiving dyslipidemia and/or hypertension treatment. Neither the SF-36 Physical or Mental Component scales were able to discriminate these two groups. Overall, these results suggest that unlike the RS, the TTO and the SG, as administered in this study, may not be suffieiently sensitive to measure the impact of primary cardiovascular disease prevention strategies on the health-related quality of life of the participants.
Journal Article
Ataque cardíaco y accudente cerebrovascular
La enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV), en particular, la cardiopatía coronaria (CC) y la enfermedad cerebrovascular (ECeV), es un problema grave y creciente en las poblaciones debajos y medianos ingresos. Los pacientes con ECV establecida están expuestos a un riesgo muy alto de sufrir otros episodios de enfermedad potencialmente mortales. La prevención secundaria (las medidas que se toman para reducir el riesgo de episodios vasculares recurrentes en los pacientes con ECV) es un elemento importante y de costo asequible de la estrategia de control de la ECV en las poblaciones de bajos y medianos ingresos. Varios elementos de la prevención secundaria, incluidos los cambios del modo de vida, el tratamiento farmacológico y los procedimientos quirúrgicos, pueden reducir mucho el riesgo de ECV recurrente.
eBook
An educational intervention to improve data recording in the management of ischaemic heart disease in primary care
Background Gaps in computerized medical records and a lack of a systematic approach to data recording make progress towards achieving quality standards in primary care difficult to demonstrate. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an educational intervention on data quality in primary care. Methods A before‐and‐after study of key data quality measures was carried out in 87 general practices in eight primary care organizations in England in phase 1 and 84 general practices in phase 2. The subjects were 19470 patients with ischaemic heart disease in phase 1 and 19784 patients in phase 2. The main outcome measures were improvement in the completeness and quality of the computerized medical record. Anonymized data were extracted from clinical information systems and processed to produce comparative information on each practice. Data quality workshops were arranged, in which reflection can take place, backed up by summary statistics. Practice visits provided training and personalized feedback of patients needing intervention. Results In the patients with heart disease, nearly 16000 new clinical entries were made in the key improvement areas. The percentage of patients advised to quit smoking increased by 49.3 per cent, from 23.6 per cent to 61.9 per cent. There were also significant improvements in many other aspects of management. Conclusion Focused interventions that provide targeted and relevant clinical information can be implemented in primary care. Such interventions can lead to a rise in data quality in primary care, but their effectiveness needs to be further tested in more rigorous research settings such as randomized controlled trials.
Journal Article
Fish oil in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention
Omega-3 fatty acid therapy shows great promise in both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular (CV) diseases, especially coronary heart disease (CHD). In this review, we discuss the evidence available from prospective and retrospective observational epidemiologic studies and controlled clinical trials demonstrating the effects of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) in primary and especially secondary prevention of major CV events, including CV mortality, fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Significant reductions in total mortality and SCD to the extent of 20% to 50% have been found in studies using doses ranging from 0.85 to 4.0 g/d. We review the compelling evidence that indicates all clinicians should strongly consider therapy with fish oil, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), for patients with known CV disease and for patients at increased risk for CV disease, particularly patients at increased risk for SCD. The target DHA + EPA consumption levels are about 800 to 1000 mg/d for individuals with known CHD and at least 500 mg/d for individuals without disease.
Journal Article