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Strategy in the Missile Age first reviews the development of modern military strategy to World War II, giving the reader a reference point for the radical rethinking that follows, as Dr. Brodie considers the problems of the Strategic Air Command, of civil defense, of limited war, of counterforce or pre-emptive strategies, of city-busting, of missile bases in Europe, and so on. The book, unlike so many on modern military affairs, does not present a program or defend a policy, nor is it a brief for any one of the armed services. It is a balanced analysis of the requirements of strength for the 1960's, including especially the military posture necessary to prevent war. A unique feature is the discussion of the problem of the cost of preparedness in relation to the requirements of the national economy, so often neglected by other military thinkers. Originally published in 1959. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The aim of the present study was to establish the effect of transitional activities (TA) on physical metrics. Global Positioning System technology was utilized on 23 elite outfield footballers over 10 games to quantify absolute metrics per minute such as total distance (TD; m · min-1), sprint distance (SD; m · min-1), the number of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations (A+D; n · min-1), and high-speed running distance (HSRD; m · min-1). TD – total distance; HSRD – high-speed running distance; SD – sprint distance and highintensity acceleration distance (Acc B3 Dist) were also quantified. Metrics were observed in relation to 4 TA’s commonly observed in football matches. Positive Transitions (PT), Negative Transitions (NT), Fast Attacks (FA) and High Pressure Activities (HP). Main effects for transition and game were observed. Comparisons were also made between 90 minute averages and transitional mean scores. NT displayed the highest TD (m · min-1) when compared to other TA’s (p ≤ 0.05). Observation of SD (m · min-1) for all transitions highlighted higher outputs when in PT (p ≤ 0.05). HP TA displayed the lowest output in all metrics (p ≤ 0.05), except high-intensity accelerations and decelerations A+D (n · min-1). The mean average and peak average outputs for TA and 90min average detailed elevated physical outputs across all metrics. Absolute physical metrics are increased when observing transitional play, representing the maximum physical exposure that athletes experience in games. This knowledge should be utilized when implementing high-velocity exposures within a weekly microcycle, to best prepare players for match play.

Despite significant debate over UEFA’s decision to abolish the away goals rule in 2021 and introduce the use of Video Assistant Refereeing (VAR), little research has considered its potential effects on team performance. Hence, this study investigates how the change in the goals rule and use of (VAR) during the knock phase of UEFA Women’s Champions League affected selected game-related statistics. Data were sourced via the Wyscout platform. The sample consists of 78 UEFA Women’s Champions League knockout round matches; 30 of the matches took place in seasons with the away goals rule (AGR) and no VAR (2016 to 2019) and 48 in seasons without AGR and VAR included (2021 to 2025). Data analysis was performed using a combination of T-Tests; Mann-Whitney-U Tests and Generalised Linear Models. The findings demonstrate that the change in rules resulted in a reductions in the numbers of balls lost ( p  < 0.01), ball recoveries ( p  < 0.01), long passes ( p  < 0.01), forward passes ( p  < 0.05), passes to the final third ( p  < 0.01), fouls ( p  < 0.05), aerial duels ( p  < 0.01), aerial duels won ( p  < 0.01), and free kicks ( p  < 0.01). In contrast, elimination of the away goals rule and inclusion of VAR led to a significant increase in the number of goals ( p  < 0.05), percentage of accurate passes and counter attacks with shots ( p  < 0.05). Football governing bodies could consider these findings when deciding whether the rule changes has impacted on the women’s game as expected.

Offensive transitions in modern football have been identified as decisive moments in a game, as they offer a high potential for scoring goals and creating defensive imbalances. In order to investigate the impact of offensive transitions on the performance of different national football leagues, this study analysed data from 1,151 games of the season 2019/20 corresponding to all games in the first round of games of nine national leagues, which were divided into three categories: Top, Marginal, and Emerging. A total of 3497 goals were scored in these games, and they were classified according to their origin, including non-offensive transitions, set pieces, direct offensive transitions, and positive results of offensive transitions. All goals were analysed from the moment the scoring team gained possession of the ball until they reached the goal. In goals resulting from Set Pieces, the play that preceded them was also analysed. The results showed that in the Top Leagues, more goals were scored per game (0.28 goals) through offensive transitions, and a greater number of goals were scored (53%) through direct offensive transition and positive outcomes, compared to the Emerging and Marginal Leagues. Emphasis on the data obtained in the National League of Netherlands in the Marginal League group and the National League of Qatar in the Emerging League group that present a number of goals obtained by offensive transition superior to the Spanish League of the Top League group. Furthermore, the Emerging and Marginal Leagues performed better in terms of goals scored from non-offensive transitions and set pieces, suggesting the presence of unique qualities in these leagues. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the role of offensive transitions on the performance of national football leagues and the superior performance of Top Leagues in utilising them effectively. These findings highlight the importance of focusing on offensive transitions in order to achieve success in modern football.

Phages, the most abundant entities on Earth, exhibit a complex interplay with bacteria, especially within environmental biofilms, resulting in an ecological arms race. This study investigates the interaction between phages and bacteria in the drains of beef-processing plants using high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic analysis. Metagenomic data collected from 75 drain samples from beef-processing plants were analyzed to investigate phage–bacterial interactions. First, assembled contigs were screened to identify viral sequences, which were then taxonomically annotated to determine the viral composition, including phages. Functional annotation of these viral sequences provided information about the viral genes and their roles in bacterial interactions specifically associated with attack and counterattack of bacteria. In parallel, bacterial contigs were examined to identify genes associated with antiphage defense systems, providing insights into the strategies adapted by bacteria to resist phage infection. Taxonomic annotation of viral sequences from the bulk metagenomic data revealed the presence of phages targeting Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Enterococcus. The higher abundance of Pseudomonas phages aligns with our previous study, where Pseudomonas was identified as the dominant bacterial genus, suggesting potential copersistence of phages and their hosts. Functional annotation of phage contigs revealed infective and lysis-related genes, highlighting their potential role in bacterial attack. Conversely, bacterial contigs encoded antiphage defense systems, including CRISPR-Cas, restriction–modification, and other defense-related genes. The study also uncovered the presence of anti-CRISPR proteins in phages, suggesting a counterattack on the bacterial defense. These findings provide evidence for phage attack, bacterial defense, and phage counterattack and may showcase the ongoing coevolutionary arms race between phages and bacteria. While this evidence looks promising, these results remain preliminary and further studies are needed to validate these findings. Still, this study provides a foundational understanding of bacteria–phage coexistence in beef-processing plant drains and paves the way for further explorations of these intricate interactions and their possible applications in controlling pathogenic microorganisms within biofilms.

This study applied Social Network Analysis (SNA) to the passing networks during the offensive transitions of Men, Women, and Men u20 at the World Cup matches of 2018 and 2019. For each offensive transition, the progression of the sequence was categorized as 1) a goal-scoring attempt (GSAtt), 2) a set play (SP), or 3) possession lost (PosL). For SNA, two different networks were constructed: 1) Possession Network (PoN) and 2) Goal Scoring Attempt Network (GSAN). The SNA tool SocNetV was used to conduct the metrics: 1) Out-Degree centrality (%OdC), 2) In-Degree centrality (%IdC) and 3) Closeness centrality (%CC). For progression, results revealed that age had a significant effect on PoL, where Men demonstrated significantly higher PoL than Men u20. Concerning the type of SP, there were significant effects of age and sex on corner kicks awarded, where Women and Men u20 awarded significantly more corner kicks than Men. The centrality metrics for PoN revealed that teams from the three World Cup tournaments used the defensive and pre-defensive sectors to recover ball possession and often lost possession at the attacking and pre-attacking sectors. The centrality metrics for GSAN proposed that the final pass was executed mainly outside the box (Zone 7) in all three tournaments but differences were found concerning the execution zone of the final attempt. This study adds to the previous research on network analysis in football and demonstrates an effective method of determining the efficacy of offensive transition during World Cup matches and the existing differences between Men, Women, and Men u20.

Our murine cancer model studies have demonstrated that Plasmodium infection activates the immune system that has been inhibited by cancer cells, counteracts tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment, inhibits tumor angiogenesis, inhibits tumor growth and metastasis, and prolongs the survival time of tumor-bearing mice. Based on these studies, three clinical trials of Plasmodium immunotherapy for advanced cancers have been approved and are ongoing in China. After comparing the mechanisms of action of Plasmodium immunotherapy with those of immune checkpoint blockade therapy, we propose the notion that cancer is an ecological disease and that Plasmodium immunotherapy is a systemic ecological counterattack therapy for this ecological disease, with limited side effects and without danger to public health based on the use of artesunate and other measures. Recent reports of tolerance to treatment and limitations in majority of patients associated with the use of checkpoint blockers further support this notion. We advocate further studies on the mechanisms of action of Plasmodium infection against cancer and investigations on Plasmodium -based combination therapy in the coming future. 6ZvpD4YXT8TRL51m2F_GLx Video Abstract

Rumor is an important form of social interaction. Therefore, spreading harmful rumors can have a negative impact on the health of the society. People's communication in the society plays an important role in spreading rumors, and whether or not it is spread depends on the person's level of trust in the rumor. Thus, one of the most important factors in a person's trust (or distrust) of a rumor is the number of neighbors who believe the rumor and spread it (and vice versa, the number of neighbors who do not believe the rumor and react to it). In this paper, we present this case in the form of linguistic variables and the use of fuzzy logic. In this paper, we propose an epidemic model of rumor dissemination in online social networks in which in addition to existing (susceptible–infected–recovered) modes, the rumor delay mechanism (exposed) is also added a counter attack mechanism (counterattack). The proposed model is presented as: susceptible–exposed–infected–counterattack–vaccinated–recovered–susceptible considering that the network and exposed node are constructed fuzzy. Using numerical simulations, we verify the performance of model in a SFN and a real network topology (Facebook). The simulation results of the proposed model show that compared to the SIRS and SEIRS models, the emission rate is lower, and the pollution is eliminated earlier.

Offensive transitions, (defined as shifts from defense to attack) have an extraordinary impact on goal scoring patterns. Identifying the factors that most significantly influence its achievement is crucial, enabling teams to tailor strategies to their specific characteristics and the particular demands of their championships. The study aims to provide analyzes of the separate and combined impacts of various variables on the success of offensive transitions and their outcomes. The sample comprised 1151 games from nine distinct countries, categorized into three league groups: Top, Marginal, and Emerging. These matches yielded 1649 goals, which were classified as either direct offensive transitions or offensive transitions resulting from positive outcomes (goals scored from set-piece situations following successful offensive transitions). The statistical method employed was binomial logistic regression. A total of 20 to 23% of goals scored by Offensive transitions resulted from positive outcomes. Offensive transitions play a pivotal role in competitive leagues, with 47% of all goals. Top leagues exhibit an even higher proportion (53%) of goals originating from offensive transitions, emphasizing the effectiveness of defensive pressure in specific areas and involving more passes and offensive combinations. All league groups highlighted the central zones of the defensive midfield as essential to initiating successful direct offensive transitions. In Emerging Leagues, they are more likely to succeed with three passes than with two passes. In Marginal leagues, the number of players involved and the passes are related to the starting area. The findings enhance understanding of offensive transition tactics in football for greater scoring impact.

Coevolutionary spreading, the interdependent propagation of multiple-type information (or epidemics or social behaviors), has attracted both scientific and industrial attention due to its complex dynamics. While agent-based models (ABMs) are well-suited for modeling single-type contagion dynamics, they struggle to represent the microscopic interdependencies of co-evolving information types within different network topologies. This paper proposes a multi-information co-evolution propagation model based on self-organizing multi-agents, breaking through the limitations of traditional threshold spreading models and agent-based models. The model, which is validated through consistency with traditional SIR models under the circumstance of well-mixed agents, can be used to uncover the spreading mechanisms on different network topologies (such as ER, BA, WS) through a series of transmitting and recovering rules that act on each agent with social contagion behaviors and attributes. Furthermore, sophisticated spreading patterns, such as active counterattack and cooperative operation, are also explored based on this model to simulate the multi-information propagation process. These complex propagation simulations reveal some interesting phenomena: (1) When counterattacking the spread of a specific source information, blindly increasing the proportion of counterattackers or the information exclusion coefficient may not necessarily be the best choice, even without considering costs. (2) In networks with long-short loop structures, compared to the situation of single information dissemination, the coevolutionary spread of two types of information is more prone to avalanche phenomena, with the S (susceptible) state of information dropping sharply from a steady state of 60% to a steady state of 20% by the 10th generation. These findings provide actionable insights for controlling misinformation in social networks and optimizing public health interventions, emphasizing that \"more intervention\" does not always equate to \"better control\" in coevolutionary systems.