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"Counterfeit"
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Edible unclonable functions
Counterfeit medicines are a fundamental security problem. Counterfeiting medication poses a tremendous threat to patient safety, public health, and the economy in developed and less developed countries. Current solutions are often vulnerable due to the limited security levels. We propose that the highest protection against counterfeit medicines would be a combination of a physically unclonable function (PUF) with on-dose authentication. A PUF can provide a digital fingerprint with multiple pairs of input challenges and output responses. On-dose authentication can verify every individual pill without removing the identification tag. Here, we report on-dose PUFs that can be directly attached onto the surface of medicines, be swallowed, and digested. Fluorescent proteins and silk proteins serve as edible photonic biomaterials and the photoluminescent properties provide parametric support of challenge-response pairs. Such edible cryptographic primitives can play an important role in pharmaceutical anti-counterfeiting and other security applications requiring immediate destruction or vanishing features.
Counterfeit medicines are a threat to patient health and public safety. Here, the authors use random patterns formed by fluorescent silk microparticles with various excitation and emission pairs as an edible physical unclonable function that can directly be attached onto the surface of medicines.
Journal Article
Intelligent recognition of counterfeit goods text based on BERT and multimodal feature fusion
Counterfeit goods are often imitated through the similarity of pronunciation or character shape of the trade name, for example, ‘蓝月亮’ is altered to ‘蓝月壳’, and this text-level imitation means brings great trouble to consumer identification. However, there is a scarcity of research on intelligent recognition techniques for this phenomenon. Although the Chinese Spelling Correction (CSC) technique provides some ideas for solving this problem, it still faces the challenges of scarce datasets, significant interference of erroneous characters with the contextual semantics, and high confusion between erroneous characters and correct characters in terms of pronunciation or glyphs in practical applications. In view of the above problems, this paper proposed a Corrector-Detector Auxiliary Network named CDANet. Specifically, (i) A lightweight Transformer Block is used to assist in locating erroneous characters to reduce their interference with contextual semantics; (ii) The multimodal information of erroneous characters is deeply exploited by integrating glyph, pinyin, and semantic features to enhance the correction accuracy; (iii) A counterfeit goods text dataset (CGT-Dataset) containing 289,851 samples was constructed to alleviate the problem of data scarcity. The experimental results show that CDANet achieves the current optimal performance on the self-built CGT-Dataset and exhibits excellent generalization ability on three public benchmark datasets, providing an efficient solution for counterfeit goods text recognition.
Journal Article
Fake Currency Detection
Due to the great technological developments in the field of color printing in the past few years, it is becoming increasingly recognized that counterfeiting is a serious problem. It used to be possible and very simple for anyone to quickly prepare and print counterfeit currency notes using a computer and a laser printer at homes or places of employment. In the past, only printing houses had these facilities. The most crucial issue is now how to accurately distinguish fake currency from real currency using automatic machines. Almost all nations struggle greatly with the issue of counterfeit currency notes. But since counterfeiting has become such a pressing issue in India, it is thought to be the most serious issue there. Therefore, it is necessary to create a module that will aid in the quick and efficient recognition and detection of paper currency notes. An approach for the identification and verification of Indian currency is described in this proposed system. The authenticity of the currency will be verified using image processing methods, regardless of whether it is genuine.
Journal Article
Trading counterfeit products via the Internet and its impact on Iraqi consumer behavior An exploratory study of the opinions of a sample of consumer goods users (home appliances)
The study aims to test the relationship and impact between the counterfeit products via the Internet and behavior of the Iraqi consumer, as the Iraqi market suffers from the spread and increase of counterfeit products. The study is different in that it dealt with the aspect of trading counterfeit products via the Internet and during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic, which witnessed an increase in the demand for purchasing products via the Internet during the period of the pandemic. The study was based on the electronic questionnaire as a data collection tool. The data of (469) individuals were randomly selected from users of consumer goods (electrical appliances) in the Iraqi environment. The data collection period lasted from 11-12-2021 until 1-2-2022. The analytical approach was adopted. Descriptive In analyzing the answers of the sample, the results of the research showed that the Internet and social networking sites have contributed to the spread of counterfeit products during the pandemic period. The study also showed that the behavior of the Iraqi consumer towards these products is viewed as a suitable, low-cost alternative ready to buy them as long as they serve the required purpose and do not cause harm. What has helped the spread of counterfeit products in the Iraqi market is the weakness of government control, and websites and social networks have contributed to its expansion, especially during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Journal Article
Counterfeit and Substandard Test of the Antimalarial Tablet Riamet® by Means of Raman Hyperspectral Multicomponent Analysis
The fight against counterfeit pharmaceuticals is a global issue of utmost importance, as failed medication results in millions of deaths every year. Particularly affected are antimalarial tablets. A very important issue is the identification of substandard tablets that do not contain the nominal amounts of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), and the differentiation between genuine products and products without any active ingredient or with a false active ingredient. This work presents a novel approach based on fiber-array based Raman hyperspectral imaging to qualify and quantify the antimalarial APIs lumefantrine and artemether directly and non-invasively in a tablet in a time-efficient way. The investigations were carried out with the antimalarial tablet Riamet® and self-made model tablets, which were used as examples of counterfeits and substandard. Partial least-squares regression modeling and density functional theory calculations were carried out for quantification of lumefantrine and artemether and for spectral band assignment. The most prominent differentiating vibrational signatures of the APIs were presented.
Journal Article
Counterfeit Integrated Circuits: Detection, Avoidance, and the Challenges Ahead
The counterfeiting of electronic components has become a major challenge in the 21st century. The electronic component supply chain has been greatly affected by widespread counterfeit incidents. A specialized service of testing, detection, and avoidance must be created to tackle the worldwide outbreak of counterfeit integrated circuits (ICs). So far, there are standards and programs in place for outlining the testing, documenting, and reporting procedures. However, there is not yet enough research addressing the detection and avoidance of such counterfeit parts. In this paper we will present, in detail, all types of counterfeits, the defects present in them, and their detection methods. We will then describe the challenges to implementing these test methods and to their effectiveness. We will present several anti-counterfeit measures to prevent this widespread counterfeiting, and we also consider the effectiveness and limitations of these anti-counterfeiting techniques.
Journal Article
Trends in counterfeit drugs and pharmaceuticals before and during COVID-19 pandemic
Counterfeit, fake, adulterated or falsified drugs and pharmaceuticals, could be branded or generic drugs, excipients and active substances (in drugs and vaccines), medical supplies and devices, etc, intended to pass as the original. Counterfeits are always inferior in terms of quality, safety and efficacy compared to the original pharmaceuticals, and subsequently, they pose an unpredictable risk to public health and lead to loss of confidence in medicines, healthcare providers, and health systems. In the decades before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a constant trend of increased trafficking was reported. However, the pandemic created a combination of public health emergency, economic distress, and misinformation-driven panic that made problematic the access and supply of high quality essential medicines and health products, and pushed consumers and vendors even more towards counterfeit pharmaceuticals. This contribution aims to review the trends in counterfeit drugs and pharmaceuticals trafficking, the health impact of their use, as well as, measures and actions implemented to restrict their proliferation, before and during COVID-19 pandemic; the relative recommendations, the expressed perspectives and the existing limitations are thoroughly discussed.
•Counterfeits pose an unpredicted risk to public health.•Before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic an increased trafficking was reported.•The pandemic pushed consumers / vendors further towards counterfeit pharmaceuticals.•International synergy between stakeholders is needed to drive holistic solutions.
Journal Article
Completely aqueous processable stimulus responsive organic room temperature phosphorescence materials with tunable afterglow color
Many luminescent stimuli responsive materials are based on fluorescence emission, while stimuli-responsive room temperature phosphorescent materials are less explored. Here, we show a kind of stimulus-responsive room temperature phosphorescence materials by the covalent linkage of phosphorescent chromophore of arylboronic acid and polymer matrix of poly(vinylalcohol). Attributed to the rigid environment offered from hydrogen bond and B-O covalent bond between arylboronic acid and poly(vinylalcohol), the yielded polymer film exhibits ultralong room temperature phosphorescence with lifetime of 2.43 s and phosphorescence quantum yield of 7.51%. Interestingly, the RTP property of this film is sensitive to the water and heat stimuli, because water could destroy the hydrogen bonds between adjacent poly(vinylalcohol) polymers, then changing the rigidity of this system. Furthermore, by introducing another two fluorescent dyes to this system, the color of afterglow with stimulus response effect could be adjusted from blue to green to orange through triplet-to-singlet Förster-resonance energy-transfer. Finally, due to the water/heat-sensitive, multicolor and completely aqueous processable feature for these three afterglow hybrids, they are successfully applied in multifunctional ink for anti-counterfeit, screen printing and fingerprint record.
Stimuli responsive luminescent materials are important in applied research but many of these materials are based on fluorescent stimuli responsive materials. Here, the authors report a stimulus-responsive room temperature phosphorescent materials composed of a phosphorescent chromophore of arylboronic acid and poly(vinylalcohol) with color tunable and water process able properties.
Journal Article