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The input electrical impedance behaves as a capacitive when a piezoelectric transducer is excited near its resonance frequency. In order to increase the energy transmission efficiency, a series or parallel inductor should be used to compensate the capacitive impedance of the piezoelectric transducer. In this paper, the effect of the series matching inductor on the electromechanical characteristics of the piezoelectric transducer is analyzed. The dependency of the resonance/anti-resonance frequency, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient, the electrical quality factor and the electro-acoustical efficiency on the matching inductor is obtained. It is shown that apart from compensating the capacitive impedance of the piezoelectric transducer, the series matching inductor can also change the electromechanical characteristics of the piezoelectric transducer. When series matching inductor is increased, the resonance frequency is decreased and the anti-resonance unchanged; the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient is increased. For the electrical quality factor and the electroacoustic efficiency, the dependency on the matching inductor is different when the transducer is operated at the resonance and the anti-resonance frequency. The electromechanical characteristics of the piezoelectric transducer with series matching inductor are measured. It is shown that the theoretically predicted relationship between the electromechanical characteristics and the series matching inductor is in good agreement with the experimental results.

The effect of crosstalk due to inter-core coupling on the bit error rate (BER) performance of a fiber optic communication link with a homogeneous multi-core optical fiber (MCF) and a direct detection receiver with optical preamplifier is analytically evaluated and presented in this paper. Coupling coefficients due to inter-core coupling in a 7-core MCF is evaluated numerically with as a function of core-to-core distance (pitch) and relative refractive index contrast. Coupling length is determined against various index contrasts and at different core pitches. Crosstalk power, Signal to Crosstalk plus Noise Ratio (SCNR), BER and power penalty at any output core with light launched into other core of a 7-core MCF are determined analytically. The results show that there is mentionable deterioration in BER performance due to coupling induced crosstalk, and system suffers distinct power penalty at a given BER. For example, power penalty at BER of 10e-9 is found to be 4.0 dB and 4.3 dB for a MCF link of 10 km corresponding to relative refractive index difference of 0.0036 and 0.0030, respectively, for a pitch value of 30 µm and core radius of 4.5 µm.

In this paper, the major factors that affect the performance of wireless power transfer systems, such as coil inner radius and coil number of turns, are discussed. A comparison of three coil shapes covering the coreless case, the case with ferrite, and the case with ferrite and aluminum is also carried out. Another comparison is proposed by addressing the combination of different coil shapes in the wireless power transfer (WPT)system. The analysis covers the coupling coefficient, the mutual inductance, and the self-inductance. Due to the complexity of calculating these parameters, the finite element analysis (FEA) method is adopted by using the Ansys Maxwell software. An introduction to the typical WPT system for electric vehicle charging is also presented.

Calculating the parameters of the ground shock induced by an underground explosion is a complex energy coupling problem. It is difficult to establish a unified ground shock coupling law from limited test data. This paper summarizes the research results obtained at home and abroad and systematically analyzes the coupling mechanism of craters formed by an underground explosion and the ground shock. The differences between the concepts of “closed-explosion critical depth” and “equivalent closed-explosion critical depth” are clearly explained. The spreading of the ground shock energy is attributed to the explosive expansion of the air cavity, revealing a linear relationship between the volume of the cavity region (or the volume of the crack region) and the ground shock energy associated with the underground explosion. The proportionality factor is related to the mechanical properties of the medium and is independent of the magnitude of the explosion equivalent. Based on this, a theoretical calculation formula and conversion method for the ground shock coupling coefficient were established. Explosion tests were conducted in clay and Plexiglass under varying burial depths. The test results were consistent with the theoretically calculated results. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the design of explosion-resistant structures in underground engineering.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) has become an increasingly popular technology for charging electronic devices wirelessly. One of the key challenges in WPT is increasing efficiency and reducing different losses in coils caused by the higher air gap and coil coupling between the primary and secondary coils. Ferrite shielding is a common technique used to reduce losses and increase the coupling in WPT systems. In this paper, we present an analysis and comparison study of the effect of ferrite shielding thickness ( F T ) on the electromagnetic parameters of WPT systems. We investigate the impact of varying the ferrite shielding thickness on parameters such as power transfer efficiency, coupling coefficient (k), and magnetic field strength (B). Our results show that increasing the ferrite shielding thickness can significantly reduce losses and improve the performance of WPT systems. Also, analyze the trade-off between ferrite shielding thickness and power transfer efficiency and provide guidelines for selecting an optimal thickness for a given application. This study provides valuable insights into the design and optimization with weight vs. coupling comparison for WPT systems using ferrite shielding. It can help inform the development of future WPT technologies. The result obtained through simulation, i.e., coil-to-coil efficiency, is 98.88 to 99.7360% at 6.78MHz frequency for a 5-mm- to 50-mm-thick ferrite rectangular coupler using ANSYS Maxwell and ANSYS simplorer software.

The output voltage harmonics of electric vehicle (EV) charging converters directly affect grid power quality. This paper proposes a harmonic analysis method based on geometric algebra (GA), which employs a multivector representation of signals and least squares estimation to accurately extract fundamental, integer-order, and inter-harmonics. A coupling coefficient is defined to quantify the phase correlation between frequency components. Based on measured data, harmonic characteristics under four typical operating conditions are analyzed, and an adaptive PID controller is designed to dynamically adjust the virtual resistance for harmonic suppression. The results show that the GA method significantly reduces spectral leakage under non-integer-period sampling conditions, with amplitude estimation errors below ±2%. The total harmonic distortion (THD) decreases with increasing active power and increases with reactive power injection. The droop coefficient exhibits a non-monotonic effect, while reducing the proportional gain raises the THD. Adaptive control reduces the average THD by 14.0–28.5% with a total response time of less than 0.05 s. The coupling coefficient C13 is strongly positively correlated with THD and negatively correlated with the maximum Lyapunov exponent computed using the Rosenstein small-data method (correlation coefficient −0.85), confirming the intrinsic relationship between coupling and stability. Compared with fast Fourier transform (FFT) and other methods, GA achieves higher accuracy under short data records and non-integer-period sampling. This paper provides a complete theoretical framework and engineering solution for harmonic suppression in charging converters.

The relationship between the microwave scattering coefficient from the sea surface and wind field has been extensively studied. Nevertheless, recent research on air–sea coupling has shown that sea–air temperature difference (SATD) also significantly affects the scattering coefficient. Therefore, to reveal the influence of different environmental parameters, such as salinity, sea surface temperature (SST), and SATD on the scattering coefficient, a theoretical analysis has been carried out firstly. Meanwhile, the coupling coefficient between a scattering coefficient anomaly (SCA) and sea–air temperature difference anomaly (SATDA) over four typical sea regions is compared with that between an SCA and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) by using the nearly 7–year data of the ECMWF, AMSR-E, and QSCAT. The results demonstrate that SCA is more sensitive to SATDA than SSTA. The values of ksatda between the SATDA and SCA exhibit seasonal variation, being higher in summer and lower in winter. Specifically, ksatda can reach a maximum of 0.62 in summer and drops to 0.2 in winter. Furthermore, the effects of the regional monthly mean sea surface temperature (RMMSST), regional monthly mean air temperature (RMMAT), regional monthly mean sea–air temperature difference (RMMSATD), and regional monthly mean wind speed (RMMWS) on ksatda are also discussed in detail. It is found that the RMMSATD is a crucial factor influencing ksatda. And the negative correlation coefficient between the RMMSATD and ksatda is −0.81.

In this paper, we study the electrical properties of new hybrid magnetorheological suspensions (hMRSs) and propose a theoretical model to explain the dependence of the electric capacitance on the iron volumetric fraction, ΦFe, of the dopants and on the external magnetic field. The hMRSs, with dimensions of 30 mm×30 mm×2 mm, were manufactured based on impregnating cotton fabric, during heating, with three solutions of iron microparticles in silicone oil. Flat capacitors based on these hMRSs were then produced. The time variation of the electric capacitance of the capacitors was measured in the presence and absence of a magnetic field, B, in a time interval of 300 s, with Δt=1 s steps. It was shown that for specific values of ΦFe and B, the coupling coefficient between the cotton fibers and the magnetic dipoles had values corresponding to very stable electrical capacitance. Using magnetic dipole approximation, the mechanisms underlying the observed phenomena can be described if the hMRSs are considered continuous media.

In this work, laterally excited bulk acoustic wave resonators (XBARs) are designed for high-frequency applications in the 5 GHz range which have applications in MEMS sensors and fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks. XBARs are simulated with 400 nm thick LiNbO 3 and narrow fingers of Interdigital transducer (IDT) placed periodically with a pitch of 26 µm to excite the lamb wave resonances at 4.49 GHz with a high electromechanical coupling coefficient ( k t 2 ) of 32%. The working of XBARs is investigated by Finite element method (FEM) based COMSOL Multiphysics simulation and analytical model. The XBAR schematic is depicted graphically, together with its deformation, impedance response with corresponding asymmetric displacement modes, and device equivalent MBVD model. The performance of XBARs with different piezoelectric materials was investigated, and it was discovered that XBARs using LiNbO 3 as piezoelectric materials and Au electrodes performed best. Following that, Au electrodes are used to create A1 (anti-symmetric lamb) modes with spurious mode mitigation. Furthermore, numerous geometrical aspects such as piezoelectric material thickness, IDT finger width, the pitch of IDT and the ratio of IDT finger width to finger gap were examined in order to enhance k t 2 and the Quality factor (Q) of the device. The third and fifth harmonics of XBAR were found at 13.41 and 22.39 GHz, respectively. The modified Butterwort-Van Dyke model (MBVD) is intended to discover the XBAR equivalent circuit model. Graphical abstract

In recent years, wireless power transfer (WPT) has progressed rapidly in both theory and commercialization. However, existing research into WPT coil design for low-power devices to mitigate the coil offset is limited. A dual-layer printed circuit board (PCB) structure is proposed in this paper to mitigate the coil offset while retaining manufacturing simplicity for practical uses. Specifically, the impacts of key geometric parameters on the coil quality factor and coupling coefficient are analyzed through models and simulations. Equivalent PCB coils were formed for mutual inductance models, and four basic compensation circuits were analyzed. The impacts of changes in coil thickness, line width, turn spacing, and number of turns on the quality factor of PCB coils were analyzed with a fixed outer diameter of the coil. Eleven types of PCB coils were manufactured to verify the simulation results. The offset transmission efficiency can reach 46.6% with an output power of 14.4 W. The PCB coil with improved design could offer remarkable improvements in the WPT system for low-power electronic devices.