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"Crashworthiness"
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The flight 981 disaster : tragedy, treachery, and the pursuit of truth
\"Based on the popular television series that uncovers the truth behind devastating air disasters\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Advanced Composite Materials for Automotive Applications
The automotive industry faces many challenges, including increased global competition, the need for higher-performance vehicles, a reduction in costs and tighter environmental and safety requirements. The materials used in automotive engineering play key roles in overcoming these issues: ultimately lighter materials mean lighter vehicles and lower emissions. Composites are being used increasingly in the automotive industry due to their strength, quality and light weight. Advanced Composite Materials for Automotive Applications: Structural Integrity and Crashworthiness provides a comprehensive explanation of how advanced composite materials, including FRPs, reinforced thermoplastics, carbon-based composites and many others, are designed, processed and utilized in vehicles. It includes technical explanations of composite materials in vehicle design and analysis and covers all phases of composite design, modelling, testing and failure analysis. It also sheds light on the performance of existing materials including carbon composites and future developments in automotive material technology which work towards reducing the weight of the vehicle structure. Key features: * Chapters written by world-renowned authors and experts in their own fields * Includes detailed case studies and examples covering all aspects of composite materials and their application in the automotive industries * Unique topic integration between the impact, crash, failure, damage, analysis and modelling of composites * Presents the state of the art in composite materials and their application in the automotive industry * Integrates theory and practice in the fields of composite materials and automotive engineering * Considers energy efficiency and environmental implications Advanced Composite Materials for Automotive Applications: Structural Integrity and Crashworthiness is a comprehensive reference for those working with composite materials in both academia and industry, and is also a useful source of information for those considering using composites in automotive applications in the future.
eBook
Identification of threats during the bodywork and paint repair process
Body repairs are often based not so much on procedures as on the experience of the people who perform these repairs. The problem is that heat repairs change the internal structure of the vehicle's skin. When obtaining homologation, manufacturers must prove the specific strength of the materials during crash tests. During a bodywork repair, these parameters may change, and after the repair, there is no obligation to check the strength parameters of a specific element or system. By interfering with the structure, we cannot be sure that we still maintain an appropriate level of security. Therefore, during further tests, together with a team from the Bydgoszcz University of Technology, we plan to check the strength parameters of the vehicle's skin after repair. And what impact on the structure of the material is the duration of individual stages of sheet metal work, the intensity of the current and the temperature to which the material is heated in order to optimize the parameters and increase the level of safety of users.
Journal Article
Simulation of the TATA 079 suburban bus rollover tests in accordance with UN/ECE Regulation No. 66
This work is a logical continuation of studies presented in the author’s previous publications [1,2,3] on establishing the analytical application features of the developed methodology for simulating natural tests in accordance with UN/ECE Regulation No. 66. [4], as well as evaluating the identity between calculated and experimental results of checking the reserve of cabin space. The relevance of the proposed methodology is primarily related to the need to comply with the requirements of the current Regulation regarding the level of passive safety of passengers in the cabin during the certification of buses: a real-life approach to testing is conducted with a series of crash tests, which lead to the inevitable destruction of the bus body frame. We would like to remind that the specific weight of the body cost in the total cost of the bus, depending on its type, can reach up to 50% of its price, which leads to exorbitant costs during the certification of road prototypes before the start of their commercial operation.
Journal Article
Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries
Lithium-ion batteries have had a profound impact on our daily life, but inherent limitations make it difficult for Li-ion chemistries to meet the growing demands for portable electronics, electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. Therefore, chemistries beyond Li-ion are currently being investigated and need to be made viable for commercial applications. The use of metallic Li is one of the most favoured choices for next-generation Li batteries, especially Li–S and Li–air systems. After falling into oblivion for several decades because of safety concerns, metallic Li is now ready for a revival, thanks to the development of investigative tools and nanotechnology-based solutions. In this Review, we first summarize the current understanding on Li anodes, then highlight the recent key progress in materials design and advanced characterization techniques, and finally discuss the opportunities and possible directions for future development of Li anodes in applications.
Journal Article
Material selection for lightweight design of truck cab: a structural crashworthiness-driven MCDM method
A structural crashworthiness-driven MCDM method for lightweight material selection of automotive components is proposed. Three representative structural components of the truck cab are selected as case studies, and a lightweight material selection design is carried out based on the proposed method. The results show that the total mass is reduced by 8.4 kg and the cost is decreased by 5.7 CNY after material selection. Compared with the original design, the bending stiffness and torsional stiffness are reduced by 0.79% and 3.87%, respectively, while the first-order modal frequency shows a negligible reduction of 0.10%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed lightweight material selection method.
Journal Article
Crashworthiness analysis and optimization of standard and windowed multi-cell hexagonal tubes
Recently, multi-cell structures have received increased attention for crashworthiness applications due to their superior energy absorption capability. However, such structures were featured with high peak collapsing force (PCL) forming a serious safety concern, and this limited their application for vehicle structures. Accordingly, this paper proposes windowed shaped cuttings as a mechanism to reduce the high PCL of the multi-cell hexagonal tubes and systemically investigates the axial crushing of different windowed multi-cell tubes and also seeks for their optimal crashworthiness design. Three different multi-cell configurations were constructed using wall-to-wall (WTW) and corner-to-corner (CTC) connection webs. Validated finite element models were generated using explicit finite element code, LS-DYNA, and were used to run crush simulations on the studied structures. The crashworthiness responses of the multi-cell standard tubes (STs), i.e., without windows, and multi-cell windowed tubes (WTs) were determined and compared. The WTW connection type was found to be more effective for STs and less favorable for WTs. Design of experiments (DoE), response surface methodology (RSM), and multiple objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) tools were employed to find the optimal designs of the different STs and WTs. Furthermore, parametric analysis was conducted to uncover the effects of key geometrical parameters on the main crashworthiness responses of all studied structures. The windowed cuttings were found to be able to slightly reduce the PCL of the multi-cell tubes, but this reduction was associated with a major negative implication on their energy absorption capability. This work provides useful insights on designing effective multi-cell structures suitable for vehicle crashworthiness applications.
Journal Article
Targeting the acceleration-time response of vehicle structures under crash impact using equivalent dynamic loads
This work introduces an optimization procedure derived from the targeting force-displacement response (TFDR) method to improve the crashworthiness of full-size vehicle structures. The proposed method aims at targeting the vehicle’s acceleration-time response (ATR) under a crash event using topometry (thickness) optimization. In contrast to the original TFDR method, the proposed targeting method uses a moving coordinate system (MCS) that allows addressing fully dynamic crash models with initial velocity. By setting a proper target ATR curve, the proposed method can improve several crashworthiness indicators including specific energy absorption, maximum deceleration, dynamic penetration, and crash load efficiency. The result of the topometry optimization could be a guideline for the further design. In the proposed method, the nonlinear optimization problem is discretized into a series of analytical subproblems using equivalent dynamic load (EDL). In each iteration, the dynamic response from an explicit dynamic finite element (FE) analysis is utilized to define and solve a subproblem. To demonstrate the proposed iterative method, the baseline FE model of a Dodge Grand Caravan vehicle, obtained from the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) website, is optimized. The results show the effectiveness of the algorithm finding the element thickness distribution to make the acceleration-time response of the vehicle’s center of gravity (VCG) gradually approach a target curve. The proposed EDL algorithm finds a converged solution using less than 15 crash simulations. This makes it possible to solve problems involving full-size vehicle FE models.
Journal Article
Surrogate-based automated hyperparameter optimization for expensive automotive crashworthiness optimization
In the automotive industry, solving crashworthiness optimization problems efficiently is crucial to minimize time and cost investment on expensive function evaluations, e.g., using simulation runs. Nonetheless, automotive crashworthiness optimization is time-consuming and challenging even with domain knowledge, due to the fact that crash problems are typically high-dimensional, nonlinear, and discontinuous. In this work, we propose an automated hyperparameter optimization (HPO) approach for expensive black-box optimization (BBO) problems that can assist practitioners to solve automotive crash problems efficiently using optimally configured optimization algorithms. Precisely, the landscape characteristics of BBO problems, e.g., quantified using exploratory landscape analysis (ELA), are analyzed to identify cheap-to-evaluate representative functions that belong to the same optimization problem class. Based on these representative functions, algorithm configurations can be optimally fine-tuned at a relatively low computational cost. Using three optimization algorithms, consisting of modular covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategy (CMA-ES), modular differential evolution (DE), and Bayesian optimization (BO), we evaluate the potential of our approach based on the black-box optimization benchmarking (BBOB) suite and an automotive side crash problem. Since the optimal configurations identified using our approach can perform well on most of the BBOB functions, we believe that our approach can generalize well to BBO problems with similar optimization complexity. For the automotive side crash problem, the BO configuration fine-tuned using our approach can outperform the default BO configuration as well as the conventional response surface method (RSM), in terms of the best-found-solution and convergence speed. Furthermore, better solutions can be identified using the proposed approach compared to successive RSM (SRSM), when dealing with complex crash functions and a limited function evaluation budget. With appropriate extensions, we are confident that our approach can be applied to other real-world expensive BBO domains beyond automotive crashworthiness optimization.
Journal Article