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With over 240 million migrants in the world, including over 65 million forced migrants and refuggees, states have turned to draconian measures to stem the flow of irregular migration, including the criminalization of migration itself. Canada, perceived as a nation of immigrants and touted as one of the most generous countries in the world today for its reception of refugees, has not been immune from these practices. This book examines the \"crimmigration\" -- the criminalization of migration -- from national and comparative perspectives, drawing attention to the increasing use of criminal law measures, public policies, and practices that stigmatize or diminish the rights of forced migrants and regugees within a dominant public discourse that not only steoreotypes and criminalizes but marginalized forced migrants. -- Provided by publisher.

Contemporary North American insecurities and fears are the focus of this article. In the first section, the inter-related concepts of insecurity, fear and vulnerability are theorised, and the argument put forward that these have come to constitute a dominant discourse in contemporary North American society. In the second section of the paper, the components of this discourse are presented by reviewing what North Americans fear, including terrorism, crime and violence, and the 'Other'. Comparisons and local manifestations of this discourse in Canada, Mexico and the US are described. The final section turns to the educational implications (effects) of this discourse as it has been taken up across the three nations. While other comparativists have focused on phenomena such as globalisation and neo-liberalism to explain contemporary education reform, the author argues that it is the discourse of fear and insecurity that now underpins educational reform.

Le texte examine les changements au Canada qui, au cours des 15 dernières années, ont pu contribuer à la croissance de l'économie souterraine. Le ratio des impôts personnels nets des transferts sur le revenu personnel est passé de 15.2 pour cent en 1976 à 19.7 pour cent en 1990. De même, le ratio des taxes directes et indirectes sur le PIB est passé de 38 à 43 pour cent pendant la même période. Par ailleurs, la proportion des travailleurs autonomes dans l'ensemble de la population active est passée de 11.1 pour cent en 1976 à 14.5 pour cent en 1991. Il y a des problèmes de plus en plus préoccupants du côté de l'efficacité des gouvernements, de la compétitivité globale, du taux de chômage qui augmente et de certaines communautés immigrantes en croissance. La globalisation des marchés, qui se traduit par une croissance rapide des écarts au niveau du compte courant des différents pays, constitue également un élément nouveau. Finalement, la base de la taxe fédérale de vente a été augmentée au Canada en 1991. Le texte explore la contribution de tous ces facteurs à la croissance rapide de l'économie souterraine. Les problèmes inhérents aux différentes méthodes qui ont été employées jusqu'ici pour mesurer l'économie souterraine sont également passés en revue, et les estimés canadiens basés sur l'approche des agrégats monétaires sont mis à jour. Ces estimés montrent qu'il y a eu une croissance de l'économie souterraine entre 1976 et 1990, l'économie souterraine occupant entre 15 et 20 pour cent de l'ensemble de l'activité économique en 1990. Le texte examine ensuite ce que nous savons de l'efficacité de différentes méthodes visant à réduire la taille de l'économie souterraine. /// This paper discusses changes in Canada over the past 15 years which may have contributed to growth in underground activity. Personal income taxes net of transfers, as a share of personal income, rose from 15.2 to 19.7 per cent from 1976 to 1990, and direct and indirect taxes, as a share of GDP, from 38 to 43 per cent. The self-employed grew from 11.1 per cent of all workers in 1976 to 14.5 per cent in 1991. There has been growing concern over the efficiency of government, global competition, and growing unemployment. Some immigrant communities have grown rapidly. The globalization of markets, reflected in the rapid growth of the current account discrepancy for the world, is an additional development. Finally, the base of the federal sales tax was much extended in Canada in 1991. These factors are explored as possible contributors to relatively rapid growth in the underground economy. The paper reviews problems with approaches used to measure the underground economy, and previous Canadian estimates based on the 'monetary aggregates' approach are updated. Estimates show an increase in underground activity from 1976 to 1990, with the underground economy accounting for 15 to 20 per cent of total economic activity in 1990. The paper then discusses what we know about the effectiveness of methods for reducing underground activity.