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Mass Atrocity Crimes: Preventing Future Outrages
What can be done to combat genocide, ethnic cleansing, and other crimes against humanity? Why aren't current measures more effective? Is there hope for the future? These and other pressing questions surrounding human security are addressed head-on in this provocative and all-too-timely book. Millions of people, particularly in Africa, face daily the prospect of death at the hands of state or state-linked forces. Although officially both the United Nations and the African Union have adopted Responsibility to Protect\" (R2P) principles, atrocities continue. The tenets of R2P, recently cited in a UN Outcomes Document, make it clear that states have a primary responsibility to protect their citizens from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. When states cannot—or will not—protect their citizens, however, the international community must step into the breach.
eBook
The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and For All
After the Holocaust, the world vowed it would never again stand by and permit such heinous crimes against humanity. Yet many subsequent atrocities have gone unchecked, all over the world: from the killing fields of Cambodia, to Rwanda, and to Srebrenica. The bloody list continues to grow, led by the unfolding nightmare in Darfur. How and why were the world's best intentions derailed, and what can be done today to put these efforts back on track? The \"responsibility to protect: - R2P for short - was unanimously embraced at the UN World Summit in 2005. The heart of this new international norm is the belief that if sovereign governments fail to protect their own people from mass atrocity crimes, then responsibility shifts to the wider international community to take whatever action is appropriate, including (in extreme cases) the use of force. The world cannot, and will not, just stand by. Evens spells out the steps needed to make R2P work in practice and clarifies the misunderstandings, real or contrived, which persist about its scope and limits. He emphasizes the need for preventive action, and for preferring assistance and persuasion to coercion, but he also makes clear when it is right to fight. The book is enlivened throughout by real world examples, analyses of current events, and assessments drawn from the author's own vast experience.
eBook
ILLEGAL IVORY TRADE AS TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME? AN EMPIRICAL STUDY INTO IVORY TRADERS IN UGANDA
This article examines illegal ivory trade in Uganda, which constitutes a major transport route through which ivory exits Africa. The analysis is based on empirical data collected among illegal ivory traders between 2012 and 2017. The findings unpack the notion of illegal ivory trade as ‘transnational organized crime’, by showing its reliance on local and regional connections, in which ‘nodes’ are crucial. These nodes can be both traders (such as middlemen), and locations (such as border towns), connecting these various levels. In doing so, it shows how this trade functions in a decentralized and loose fashion. There are clear power differences between the traders, which is explained through the kind of connections with government officials.
Journal Article
Investigating the spatiotemporally heterogeneous effects of macro and micro built environment on sexual violence against women: A case study of Mumbai
Sexual violence against women is a major threat to public safety, whereas a well-designed urban environment plays a crucial role in improving public safety and reducing crime. However, the spatiotemporal non-stationarity of the impacts of the macro-level Built Environment (BE) and micro-level Street Environment (SE) on such crimes has been underexplored. Taking Mumbai as a case study, this study employs the crime generator/detractor/facilitator theory to capture the criminogenic roles of land-use functions to describe macro-level BE, while using Street View Images (SVI) to quantify the micro-level SE. Notably, sexual violence against women is classified into four time periods, and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models are developed to capture the spatial and temporal non-stationarity of criminal behavior. The results highlight the varying impacts of BE and SE variables on sexual violence and confirm their non-negligible and complementary roles. Specifically, maternity homes, casinos, cybercafes, and public toilets have been identified as potential hotspots for sexual violence. The complexity of street facades and the presence of retail stores and fire stations (which imply territoriality and surveillance) may contribute to reducing sexual violence. Moreover, the impacts of these variables on crime vary significantly between day and night, from urban centers to suburbs. These findings offer fine-grained insights for urban design and city management, providing decision-makers with evidence-based recommendations to create safer and more women-friendly public spaces.
Journal Article
Crimes against humanity in Brazil’s covid-19 response—a lesson to us all
For the sake of ideology, hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths occurred, write Deisy Ventura and colleagues
Journal Article
Covid-19: Social murder, they wrote—elected, unaccountable, and unrepentant
After two million deaths, we must have redress for mishandling the pandemic
Journal Article
The R2P Focal Points and Their Global Network: An Arrangement with a Potential to Prevent Mass Atrocities?
R2P is the widely employed acronym for Responsibility to Protect, the principle adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2005 that addresses genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and ethnic cleansing. This article discusses the extent to which R2P Focal Points, appointed government officials from around the world, can potentially contribute to the prevention of mass atrocities. Protection is both a national and an international responsibility. Informed by social network theory, this article focuses on the roles of the Focal Points, their relations to each other in a global network, and how they can contribute positively both domestically and abroad.
Journal Article
Why not kill them all?
Genocide, mass murder, massacres. The words themselves are chilling, evoking images of the slaughter of countless innocents. What dark impulses lurk in our minds that even today can justify the eradication of thousands and even millions of unarmed human beings caught in the crossfire of political, cultural, or ethnic hostilities? This question lies at the heart of Why Not Kill Them All? Cowritten by historical sociologist Daniel Chirot and psychologist Clark McCauley, the book goes beyond exploring the motives that have provided the psychological underpinnings for genocidal killings. It offers a historical and comparative context that adds up to a causal taxonomy of genocidal events.
Rather than suggesting that such horrors are the product of abnormal or criminal minds, the authors emphasize the normality of these horrors: killing by category has occurred on every continent and in every century. But genocide is much less common than the imbalance of power that makes it possible. Throughout history human societies have developed techniques aimed at limiting intergroup violence. Incorporating ethnographic, historical, and current political evidence, this book examines the mechanisms of constraint that human societies have employed to temper partisan passions and reduce carnage.
Might an understanding of these mechanisms lead the world of the twenty-first century away from mass murder? Why Not Kill Them All? makes clear that there are no simple solutions, but that progress is most likely to be made through a combination of international pressures, new institutions and laws, and education. If genocide is to become a grisly relic of the past, we must fully comprehend the complex history of violent conflict and the struggle between hatred and tolerance that is waged in the human heart.
In a new preface, the authors discuss recent mass violence and reaffirm the importance of education and understanding in the prevention of future genocides.
eBook