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A preliminary assessment study was conducted in 2018 to determine the pest's ecology. Dead samples were transferred to a small cardboard box, brought to the laboratory, taped and labeled with the location, size and date of sample collection written on the box. The larvae were placed in a desiccator with the soil at the bottom together with the leaves they will feed on, absorbent cotton moistened with water was left on the ground and fresh leaves were brought to the laboratory every other day to feed and mature the larvae. [...]of the research, spawning time, larval stage and number of generations of Nematus (Croesus) septentrionalis were determined under natural living conditions.

Herodotus’ narrative of the testing of various Greek oracles by King Croesus of Lydia (1.46–54) has long been viewed with justifiable scepticism. A newly published verse dedication from the sanctuary of Apollo Ismenios at Thebes (Papazarkadas 2014: 233–48) sheds welcome light on Herodotus’ sources for this part of his Croesus-narrative. Herodotus’ account of Croesus’ testing of the oracle of Amphiaraus at Thebes appears to have been an imaginative extrapolation from the text of this inscription. But there is good reason to believe that Herodotus significantly misinterpreted the historical context and significance of the epigraphic text he had before him; in particular, the real author of the dedication is unlikely to have been King Croesus of Lydia, and may instead have been an Athenian aristocrat of the Alcmaeonid family. The new inscription from Thebes sheds light both on Herodotus’ use of documentary evidence and on the creative misreading of early epigraphic texts by Theban sanctuary personnel in the mid fifth century BC.

The dates of Croesus’ reign, traditionally 560–546, derive mainly from the Nabonidus Chronicle, for Cyrus’ conquest of Lydia, and Herodotus 1.86.1, that Croesus ruled Lydia for 14 years. Part I of this essay questions the reliability of 1.86.1's ‘14’. Herodotus often uses formulaic or traditional numbers, including seven, for dating and elsewhere. Seven, twice seven, 14 and 70 recur frequently in the Croesus logos. Croesus’ reign may be a formulaic twice seven: seven prosperous years before Solon's visit, followed by seven disastrous years. It therefore may be unhistorical. Part II adduces other passages in Herodotus, and other evidence, that Croesus ruled Lydia already in the 580s. Nothing dates Alyattes after 585. Part III considers possible consequences of redating Croesus for the dates of early electrum and bimetallic coinages, the latter beginning perhaps in the 570s, as does Croesus’ Artemision at Ephesos. Part IV doubts what happened to Croesus when Sardis fell. Herodotus adapted one version for his own purposes. He probably invented Croesus’ role as wise warner to Cyrus and Cambyses.

This study reports for the first time the survival and length of time the perfect metamorphosis of Ornithoptera croesus endemic butterflies from Bacan Island. The purpose of this study is to describe the metamorphosis phase of O. croesus for the length of time needed for metamorphosis and O. croesus survival ability in Mussaenda (Mussaenda pubescens) and Asoka (Saraca asoca) flowers as a database of endemic butterfly conservation policy in Bacan Island. This research was conducted from July to October 2020. The eggs were collected from mussaenda and asoka plants in the Mount Sibela nature reserve on Bacan Island, and then reared in captivity with a cage size of 50x50x50 cm. The results showed that the survival percentage of O. croesus was in the low category with a value of 55%. Furthermore, it is found out that the time required for the metamorphosis of O. croesus is 93-100 days, including the longer category compared to other Papilio. The results of this study recommend that O. croesus needs attention in the conservation of local resources, considering the low life span and long metamorphosis are feared to be extinct.

Examining the figure of Aesop and the traditions surrounding him, Aesopic Conversations offers a portrait of what Greek popular culture might have looked like in the ancient world. What has survived from the literary record of antiquity is almost entirely the product of an elite of birth, wealth, and education, limiting our access to a fuller range of voices from the ancient past. This book, however, explores the anonymous Life of Aesop and offers a different set of perspectives. Leslie Kurke argues that the traditions surrounding this strange text, when read with and against the works of Greek high culture, allow us to reconstruct an ongoing conversation of \"great\" and \"little\" traditions spanning centuries.

Huş ağacı, Betula pendula Roth. Dünyanın birçok bölgesinde yayılışa sahip olan ve 40 kadar türü bulunan önemli bir süs ve orman bitkisidir. Türkiye’de ise Kuzey Anadolu ve Doğu Anadolu bölgelerinde sıkça rastlanmaktadır. Huş ağacında zarar yaptığı bilinen birçok zararlı böcek türü bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmaya konu olan zararlı türe ait örnekler Erzurum Merkez, Atatürk Üniversitesi Yerleşkesi, Merkez Teke deresi ve Aziziye yerleşkesinden alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, Nematus (=Croesus) septentrionalis'in (L.,1758) huş ağaçlarında biyolojisini ve verdiği zararı belirlemektir. Örnekler 20 Haziran ile 20 Eylül 2019 ve 2020 tarihleri arasında toplanmıştır. Zararlının ekolojisini belirlemek için 2018 yılında bir ön durum değerlendirme çalışması yapılmıştır. Böceğin ergin örneği güneşli günlerde huş ağaçlarından, larvalar ise yedikleri dalların yaprakları ile birlikte budama makası yardımı ile kesilerek toplanmıştır. Pupalar toprağın 4 parmak (10-15 cm) derinliğe kadar çapa yardımıyla kazılmasıyla elde edilmiştir. Toplanan erginler kavanozlara yerleştirilmiş ve etil asetat ile öldürülmüştür. Ölü numuneler küçük bir karton kutuya aktarılarak, kutunun üzerine numunenin alındığı yer, ebadı ve alındığı tarih yazılmış ve laboratuvara getirilmiş, ardından bantlanarak etiketlenmiştir. Larvalar besleneceği yapraklarla birlikte dip kısmında toprak olacak şekilde desikatöre konulmuş, ardından su ile nemlendirilmiş emici pamuk zemine bırakılmış ve larvaları beslemek ve olgunlaştırmak için gün aşırı taze yapraklar laboratuvara getirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda Nematus (=Croesus) septentrionalis'in yumurtlama zamanı, larva evresi ve nesil sayısı doğal yaşam koşullarında belirlenmiştir. Bulaşıklık oranını elde etmek için hasarlı ağaç sayısı belirlenirken ayrıca yapraklardaki yumurta ve larva sayısını tespit etmek için rastgele seçilen ağaçların dallarındaki hasarlı yapraklar sayılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Nematus (=Croesus) septentrionalis'in biyolojisi ve huş ağaçlarına verdiği zarar incelenmiştir. Bu konu üzerinde çalışan gelecekteki araştırmacılar için faydalı bilgiler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Erzurum koşullarında zararlının yılda bir nesil verdiği tespit edilmiştir.

This paper will reconsider the archaeological excavations of the Artemision and the City of Ephesus. Uncovered fragments of Greek and Lydian inscriptions indicate that Croesus made offerings to the sanctuary. Considering the Lydian inscription, we can suggest a new interpretation in light of the works dealing with the Lydian kings' onomastic. This paper will also reconsider the results of excavations of the Archaic City, for which no defensive wall has ever been uncovered so far. Thus, the comments of Herodotus and even Polyaenus cannot find any archaeological confirmation. Moreover, it appears that the story of the rope linking the Artemision to the City of Ephesus has probably been a fictional tale written by Herodotus in his Histories (then repeated by Polyaenus). Eventually , it seems that Croesus never besieged the city, because Ephesus surrendered to the Lydian king without any conflict.

This study conducted in June-July 2015, using a survey method aimed at describing the characteristics of the body color and wing color of Ornithoptera croesus female, an endemic butterfly in Bacan island, in the Sibela Mountain conservation area. Purposive sampling was used to collect data in four different areas of different height, 20 m, 200 m, 400 m, and 800 m above sea level (ASL). Specimens were analyzed qualitatively. Females of O. croesus have different color of bodies and wings. There are specific differences related to the female wing color at the four different height. At the altitude of 20 meter ASL, the bottom part of wings has small white golden dots, or small white yellowish golden dots. At the altitude of 200 meter ASL the entire wing surface have pale brown color. At the altitude of 400 meter ASL the wing color have small white golden dots connecting directly to the yellow golden dots, and at the altitude of 800 meter ASL there are small white dots on the front bottom wings. These findings are new informations as the supplement to the female wing color description of Wallace (1869) said that female O. croesus had a dark colour marked with white and yellow spots.

Ornithoptera croesus is a butterfly species that is native and endemic to Bacan Island. This study aimed to update the conservation status of O. croesus in Bacan Island based on the current information on the existence, characters, habitat carrying capacity, and conservation status of the species. In this descriptive exploratory study, data were collected through survey, specimen identification, and literature review on the butterfly conservation status. The results of the analyses show that based on the government regulation (PP) No.7/1999, the conservation status of O. croesus is protected, while according to IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, this animal is vulnerable, and according to CITES, the status is endangered (Appendix II). This is consistent to the forest conversion and habitat fragmentation phenomena that occur in Mt. Sibela nature reserve area, O. croesus natural habitat. Given this condition, the existence of the endemic butterfly has a low species density with adequate environmental capacity in terms of food availability. Both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts should be made to increase O. croesus viability