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"Cross cultural differences"
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Long-Term Relations Among Prosocial-Media Use, Empathy, and Prosocial Behavior
Despite recent growth of research on the effects of prosocial media, processes underlying these effects are not well understood. Two studies explored theoretically relevant mediators and moderators of the effects of prosocial media on helping. Study 1 examined associations among prosocial- and violent-media use, empathy, and helping in samples from seven countries. Prosocial-media use was positively associated with helping. This effect was mediated by empathy and was similar across cultures. Study 2 explored longitudinal relations among prosocial-video-game use, violent-video-game use, empathy, and helping in a large sample of Singaporean children and adolescents measured three times across 2 years. Path analyses showed significant longitudinal effects of prosocial- and violent-video-game use on prosocial behavior through empathy. Latent-growth-curve modeling for the 2-year period revealed that change in video-game use significantly affected change in helping, and that this relationship was mediated by change in empathy.
Journal Article
Educating \good\ citizens in a globalising world for the twenty-first century
What is needed to be a 'good' citizen for the twenty-first century? And how can schools and curricula address this question? This book addresses these questions and what it means to be a 'good citizen' in the twenty-first century by exploring this concept in two different, but linked, countries. China is a major international power whose citizens are in the midst of a major social and economic transformation. Australia is transforming itself into an Asian entity in multiple ways and is influenced by its major trading partner - China. Yet both rely on their education systems to facilitate and guide this transformation as both countries search for 'good' citizens. The book explores the issue of what it means to be a 'good citizen' for the 21st century at the intersection between citizenship education and moral education. The issue of what constitutes a 'good citizen' is problematic in many countries and how both countries address this issue is vitally important to understanding how societies can function effectively in an increasingly interconnected world. The book contends that citizenship education and moral education in both countries overlap on the task of how to educate for a 'good citizen'. Three key questions are the focus of this book: 1. What is a 'good citizen' in a globalizing world? 2. How can 'good citizenship' be nurtured in schools? 3. What are the implications of the concept of 'good citizen' in education, particularly the school curriculum? [Publisher website, ed].
Book
When You Think About It, Your Past Is in Front of You: How Culture Shapes Spatial Conceptions of Time
In Arabic, as in many languages, the future is \"ahead\" and the past is \"behind.\" Yet in the research reported here, we showed that Arabic speakers tend to conceptualize the future as behind and the past as ahead of them, despite using spoken metaphors that suggest the opposite. We propose a new account of how space-time mappings become activated in individuals' minds and entrenched in their cultures, the temporal-focus hypothesis: People should conceptualize either the future or the past as in front of them to the extent that their culture (or subculture) is future oriented or past oriented. Results support the temporal-focus hypothesis, demonstrating that the space-time mappings in people's minds are conditioned by their cultural attitudes toward time, that they depend on attentional focus, and that they can vary independently of the space-time mappings enshrined in language.
Journal Article
Remembrances of Times East: Absolute Spatial Representations of Time in an Australian Aboriginal Community
How do people think about time? Here we describe representations of time in Pormpuraaw, a remote Australian Aboriginal community. Pormpuraawans' representations of time differ strikingly from all others documented to date. Previously, people have been shown to represent time spatially from left to right or right to left, or from front to back or back to front. All of these representations are with respect to the body. Pormpuraawans instead arrange time according to cardinal directions: east to west. That is, time flows from left to right when one is facing south, from right to left when one is facing north, toward the body when one is facing east, and away from the body when one is facing west. These findings reveal a qualitatively different set of representations of time, with time organized in a coordinate frame that is independent from others reported previously. The results demonstrate that conceptions of even such fundamental domains as time can differ dramatically across cultures.
Journal Article
Emotion Perception From Vocal Cues: Testing the Influence of Emotion Intensity and Sex on In-Group Advantage
The present study examined individuals' ability to identify emotions being expressed in vocal cues depending on the accent of the speaker as well as the intensity of the emotion being expressed. Australian and Canadian participants listened to Australian and Canadian speakers express pairs of emotions that fall within the same emotion family but vary in intensity (e.g., anger vs. irritation). Accent of listener was unrelated to emotion recognition. Instead, performance varied more based on emotion intensity and sex; Australian and Canadian participants generally found high intensity emotions easier to recognize compared to low intensity emotions as well as emotion conveyed by females compared to males. Participants found it particularly difficult to recognize the expressed emotion of Australian males. The results suggest the importance of considering the context in which emotion recognition is embedded.
La présente étude a examiné la capacité des individus à identifier les émotions exprimées dans les indices vocaux en fonction de l'accent du locuteur et de l'intensité de l'émotion exprimée. Des participants australiens et canadiens ont écouté des locuteurs australiens et canadiens exprimer des paires d'émotions appartenant à la même famille d'émotions mais dont l'intensité varie (par exemple, la colère par opposition à l'irritation). L'accent de l'auditeur n'était pas lié à la reconnaissance des émotions. Les résultats variaient plutôt en fonction de l'intensité des émotions et du sexe de l'auditeur; les participants australiens et canadiens ont généralement trouvé que les émotions de forte intensité étaient plus faciles à reconnaître que les émotions de faible intensité, et que les émotions exprimées par les femmes étaient plus faciles à reconnaître que celles exprimées par les hommes. Les participants ont trouvé particulièrement difficile de reconnaître les émotions exprimées par les hommes australiens. Les résultats montrent l'importance de prendre en compte le contexte dans lequel la reconnaissance des émotions est intégrée.
Public Significance Statement
Accents can often interfere with individuals' ability to identify emotions from tone of voice. We explored if the intensity of the emotional vocal expression might influence emotion recognition when judging someone with an accent from a similar cultural background. We found that though accent of the speaker influences judgements about the intensity of the emotion expressed, sex of speaker was a better predictor of emotion recognition.
Journal Article
Cross-Cultural Differences in Cognitive Style, Individualism/Collectivism and Map Reading between Central European and East Asian University Students
The article examines cross-cultural differences encountered in the cognitive processing of specific cartographic stimuli. We conducted a comparative experimental study on 98 participants from two different cultures, the first group comprising Czechs (N = 53) and the second group comprising Chinese (N = 22) and Taiwanese (N = 23). The findings suggested that the Central European participants were less collectivistic, used similar cognitive style and categorized multivariate point symbols on a map more analytically than the Asian participants. The findings indicated that culture indeed influenced human perception and cognition of spatial information. The entire research model was also verified at an individual level through structural equation modelling (SEM). Path analysis suggested that individualism and collectivism was a weak predictor of the analytic/holistic cognitive style. Path analysis also showed that cognitive style considerably predicted categorization in map point symbols.
Journal Article
Universals and Cultural Differences in Recognizing Emotions
Moving beyond the earlier nature-versus-nurture debate, modern work on the communication of emotion has incorporated both universals and cultural differences. Classic research demonstrated that the intended emotions in posed expressions were recognized by members of many different cultural groups at rates better than predicted by random guessing. However, recent research has also documented evidence for an in-group advantage, meaning that people are generally more accurate at judging emotions when the emotions are expressed by members of their own cultural group rather than by members of a different cultural group. These new findings provide initial support for a dialect theory of emotion that has the potential to integrate both classic and recent findings. Further research in this area has the potential to improve cross-cultural communication.
Journal Article
Social Comparison and Distributive Justice: East Asia Differences
Using a survey of 393 employees who were natives and residents of China, Japan, and South Korea, we examined the extent to which employees from different countries within East Asia experience distributive justice when they perceived that their work outcomes relative to a referent other (i.e., someone with similar \"inputs\" such as educational background and/or job responsibilities) were (1) equally poor, (2) equally favorable, (3) more poor, or (4) more favorable. As predicted, we found that when employees perceived themselves relative to a referent other to be recipients of more favorable outcomes (i.e., pay, job security), Chinese and Korean employees were less likely than Japanese employees to experience distributive injustice. We also found that these differences were partially mediated by employees' level of materialism. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed.
Journal Article