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Numerous contextual factors have been identified that impact the development of children’s prosocial behavior, yet the influence of child-initiated factors on prosocial behavior and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study employed three longitudinal models to examine in depth how children’s school engagement may promote the development of their own prosocial behavior. Three-wave longitudinal data from 4691 children ( M age  = 9.480, SD  = 0.507; 48.2% female) with 2-year intervals were used. Sequentially, a cross-lagged panel model, a random intercept cross-lagged panel model, and a parallel process latent growth model were constructed. The findings indicated that children’s school engagement consistently predicted the future level, dynamic changes at within-person level, and long-term trends in their prosocial behavior, and these longitudinal relationships were partially mediated by parental monitoring. These results reveal a child-parent synergistic mechanism for the development of prosocial behavior, wherein children’s school engagement both directly promotes their own prosocial behavior and simultaneously enhances prosocial behavior through eliciting increased parental monitoring.

The aim of this study was to analyze the reciprocal effects between prosociality, peer support and psychological well-being using a four-wave longitudinal study and a within-person analytical approach (random intercept cross-lagged panel model, RI-CLPM). A sample of 587 adolescents (males = 308; Mage = 14.23, SD = 0.58) enrolled in the first year of high school (9th grade) were recruited and followed over four years from 2016 (Time 1 [T1]) to 2019 (Time 4 [T4]). Once a year, they filled in a questionnaire measuring prosociality, peer support, and psychological well-being. The results from the RI-CLPM revealed that, at the between-person level, prosociality, peer support and psychological well-being were all positively associated. Conversely, at the within-person level and at all survey points, only psychological well-being positively predicted prosociality one year later. Specifically, we found that adolescents with higher levels of psychological well-being were more likely to show a tendency for prosocial behaviors over time. Promoting interventions aimed at enhancing psychological well-being may make adolescents more likely to engage in positive behaviors, such as prosocial ones, in a variety of contexts, thereby creating favorable social environments.

To study the longitudinal relationship between loneliness and quality of life (QoL) in adults to identify key mechanisms to better design future psychosocial interventions. 13,222 participants from three consecutive waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), aged 65 or older, 56.3% women. They were analyzed using cross-lagged panel model (CLPM), random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM), and multi-group models disaggregated by gender. The RI-CLPM provided a better fit than the CLPM. Both models showed the stability of QoL and loneliness. All autoregressive paths were significant, and a negative association between concurrent QoL and loneliness was observed across all waves. The CLPM supported a reciprocal relationship, while the RI-CLPM only confirmed the effects of loneliness on QoL. Women reported higher levels of loneliness and poorer QoL, but no gender differences were identified in the longitudinal association. Addressing loneliness in early stages could be a better preventive measure to promote quality of life in both genders.

This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between social isolation and cognitive function among older adults in China, utilizing data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). The baseline survey, which commenced in 2008, tracked 1,662 participants over four waves of data collection spanning a decade. We employed Cross-Lagged Panel Models (CLPM) and Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPM) to analyze these relationships at both the between-person and within-person levels. CLPM results indicated significant cross-lagged effects between social isolation (β = − 0.119, p  < 0.001; β = − 0.162, p  < 0.001) and cognitive function (β = − 0.073, p  < 0.001; β = − 0.091, p  < 0.001) at the between-person level over the last three waves. Specifically, higher prior levels of social isolation were associated with a significant decline in subsequent cognitive function, and vice versa. Furthermore, RI-CLPM results showed that, after controlling for random intercepts and covariates, only social isolation had a significant negative impact on cognitive function across all waves (β = − 0.051, p  < 0.05; β = − 0.047, p  < 0.05; β = − 0.028, p  < 0.05). Overall, this study demonstrates that, when considering both between-person and within-person effects, social isolation exerts a stronger lag effect on cognitive function among older adults in China. This suggests that, over a specific timeframe, reducing social isolation is crucial for promoting healthy aging in this population.

Background Perinatal depressive symptoms are associated with exclusive breastfeeding; however, the longitudinal mediating process of this relationship remains unclear. Breastfeeding self-efficacy may be an important variable in understanding the complex process involved in their co-occurrence. Therefore, we aimed to explore the role of breastfeeding self-efficacy in the relationship between perinatal depressive symptoms and exclusive breastfeeding using both between- and within-person approaches. Methods A prospective longitudinal study was conducted from October 2021 to January 2024 at a tertiary hospital in Hunan, China. Depressive symptoms were measured at 36 gestational weeks and 1 week, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postpartum. Exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding self-efficacy were evaluated at the same postpartum intervals. Cross-lagged panel models, random intercepts cross-lagged panel models, and longitudinal mediation models were used to analyze their relationships. Results A total of 334 participants were included. Longitudinal mediation models revealed that breastfeeding self-efficacy mediated the prospective negative effect of perinatal depressive symptoms on exclusive breastfeeding at the between-person level ( b  = − 0.017, SE = 0.008, 95% CI (− 0.032, − 0.001), P  = 0.036), and suppressed the positive effect of exclusive breastfeeding on depressive symptoms at the within-person level ( b  = − 0.044, SE = 0.022, 95% CI (− 0.087, 0.000), P  = 0.047). Conclusions Mothers with perinatal depressive symptoms may face challenges in exclusive breastfeeding due to reduced breastfeeding self-efficacy. While increasing exclusive breastfeeding might help reduce depressive symptoms over time, this positive effect can be hindered if breastfeeding self-efficacy remains low. Our findings highlight breastfeeding self-efficacy as a critical target for future interventions.

Background: Depressive symptoms, pain, and frailty interactions in middle‐aged and older adults do have longitudinal research support, yet the currently available evidence remains insufficient for a comprehensive understanding. This study aimed to examine their interrelationships and underlying mechanisms. Methods: This study utilized data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which includes four assessments for depressive symptoms, pain, and frailty over 7 years. We included 4961 participants aged 45 years and older in our analysis. We employed cross‐lagged panel models (CLPMs) and random intercept CLPMs (RI‐CLPMs) to analyze the bidirectional temporal relationships at the between‐person and within‐person levels. Results: Cross‐lagged panel analysis revealed bidirectional associations between depressive symptoms and pain. A reciprocal predictive relationship was also identified between frailty and pain. After controlling individual differences with the RI‐CLPM, depressive symptoms continued to positively predict pain during subsequent periods. However, the predictive effect of pain on subsequent depressive symptoms turned nonsignificant. Although a cross‐lagged relationship remained between pain and frailty, it showed a declining trend. Limitations: While engagement in depressive symptoms, pain, and frailty was assessed via questionnaire, long measurement intervals may not capture short‐term fluctuations in the state of each variable. Conclusions: This study differentiated within‐ and between‐individual effects, uncovering distinct lagged effects of pain, depression, and frailty across levels. It underscored the importance of jointly assessing these conditions and integrating within‐ and between‐individual differences to formulate and execute targeted interventions.

ABSTRACT The temporal relationship between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hypertension (HTN) remains unclear despite their known association. Using data from the Beijing Health Management Cohort (BHMC) with a 5‐year follow‐up, we investigated these bidirectional links through Cox proportional hazards regression and a cross‐lagged panel model (CLPM), adjusting for confounders. Systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) and hepatic steatosis index (HSI) were treated as continuous variables to enhance biological interpretability. Cox regression revealed that HTN increased the risk of NAFLD (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.30, p < 0.05) among participants without NAFLD at baseline, while NAFLD elevated the risk of HTN (HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02–1.21, p < 0.05) among those without HTN at baseline. However, CLPM involving 7349 participants identified a unidirectional temporal relationship from HTN to NAFLD, regression coefficients βSBP2017→HSI2022: 0.036 (95% CI: 0.012, 0.059), βDBP2017→HSI2022: −0.044 (95% CI: −0.068, −0.020), both p < 0.05; but not from NAFLD to HTN, regression coefficients βHSI2017→SBP2022: 0.017 (95% CI: −0.003,0.037), βHSI2017→DBP2022:0.006 (95% CI: −0.016,0.028), both p > 0.05. Overall, our study demonstrates a unidirectional temporal association from HTN to NAFLD. However, a bidirectional relationship was also observed in individuals under 60 years and in those without central obesity. These findings highlight the importance of considering age and central obesity to manage HTN to reduce the risk of future NAFLD and to manage NAFLD to reduce the risk of future HTN.

The awareness of words’ morphological structure has been thought to allow generalizing meaning to other, similarly constructed words. Conversely, a large vocabulary is thought to facilitate the recognition of words’ morphological regularities, thereby contributing to morphological awareness. For this reason, morphological awareness and vocabulary have been suggested to be reciprocally associated across development. We followed 242 (girls = 119) Norwegian preschoolers ( M age = 5.5 years) from preschool through Grade 2 and examined the cross-lagged relations between morphological awareness (inflections and derivations) and vocabulary (receptive and expressive). Our results confirm that the traditional cross-lagged panel model shows significant cross-lagged relations between morphological awareness and vocabulary, as previous studies have shown. However, no cross-lagged relations were found when we accounted for longitudinal measured stability through a cross-lagged panel model with lag-2 paths or unmeasured stability through the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. We found that approximately 50% of the variation in morphology and vocabulary was due to highly stable and invariant factors across grades. We discuss how the significant cross-lagged relations found in previous studies could have been due to their not accounting for the right type of stability when using longitudinal panel data.

Introduction Daytime dysfunction is a significant manifestation of sleep problems in adolescents, which increases individuals' negative emotional experiences by weakening their cognitive regulation and social adaptation. Meanwhile, emotional distress, such as depressive and anxiety symptoms, may further exacerbate daytime dysfunction, creating a negative cycle. Therefore, the present study employed a longitudinal follow‐up design to explore the bidirectional relationship between daytime dysfunction and depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Methods This three‐wave longitudinal study used stratified random sampling to recruit 936 adolescents (50.96% girls; mean age = 14.37 ± 1.32 years) from four secondary schools in Bengbu, Anhui Province, China. Data were collected between September 2023 and September 2024 at 4‐month intervals. Standardized questionnaires measured daytime dysfunction, social ostracism, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. Random intercept cross‐lagged panel models (RI‐CLPM) were used to examine within‐ and between‐person associations and to test the longitudinal mediating roles of two distinct forms of social ostracism. Results At the between‐individual level, the results indicated a significant positive association between daytime dysfunction and depressive and anxiety symptoms (r = 0.319–0.495, p < 0.001), and a significant positive association between social ostracism and depressive and anxiety symptoms (r = 0.120–0.504, p < 0.05). The link between social ostracism and daytime dysfunction was weaker, mainly involving social rejection. At the within‐individual level, social neglect at T2 significantly mediated the longitudinal relationship between daytime dysfunction at T1 and anxiety symptoms at T3. Conclusions These findings suggest the negative impact of daytime dysfunction on adolescents' depressive and anxiety symptoms and highlight the role of social neglect in social ostracism on this influence. Longitudinal analyses using a random intercept cross‐lagged panel model (RI‐CLPM) indicate that daytime dysfunction predicts later increases in adolescents'  depressive and anxiety symptoms, mediated by increases in social ostracism.

Proactive career behaviors facilitate the transition from student to employee, and understanding the mechanisms behind their development is crucial for informing strategies that promote these behaviors. The literature indicates that the development of proactive career behaviors has been investigated in several studies; however, most of these studies employed a cross‐sectional research methodology, thereby limiting the ability to draw robust causal inferences. This study is to investigate the mediating function of students' career adaptability in the relationship between psychological flexibility and proactive career behaviors throughout a longitudinal framework. The research involved 310 Turkish university students using convenience sampling. A two‐wave cross‐lagged panel model was tested within a structural equation modeling framework to examine cross‐lagged effect among the variables over time. The findings indicated that students' career adaptability significantly mediated the longitudinal relationship between proactive career behaviors and psychological flexibility. It shows that interventions designed to enhance psychological flexibility and career adaptation within career counseling services can effectively boost students' proactive career behaviors. When assessed by human resources specialists, graduates with high psychological flexibility and career adaptability may exhibit more proactive and adaptable career behaviors, emphasizing the importance of including these attributes in recruitment processes.