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"Cryosphere"
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The global cryosphere : past, present and future
\"Recent studies indicate that - due to climate change - the Earth is undergoing rapid changes in all cryospheric components, including polar sea ice shrinkage, mountain glacier recession, thawing permafrost, and diminishing snow cover. This book provides a comprehensive summary of all components of the Earth's cryosphere, reviewing their history, physical and chemical characteristics, geographical distributions, and projected futures states. This new edition has been completely updated throughout, and provides state-of-the-art data from GlobSnow-2 CRYOSAT, ICESAT, and GRACE. It includes a comprehensive summary of cryospheric changes in land ice, permafrost, freshwater ice, sea ice, and ice sheets. It discusses the models developed to understand cryosphere processes and predict future changes, including those based on remote sensing, field campaigns, and long-term ground observations. Boasting an extensive bibliography, over 120 figures, and end-of-chapter review questions, it is an ideal resource for students and researchers of the cryosphere\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Vanishing ice : glaciers, ice sheets, and rising seas
\"The Arctic is thawing. Vanishing Ice is a powerful depiction of the dramatic transformation of the cryosphere--the world of ice and snow--and its consequences for the human world. Delving into the major components of the cryosphere, including ice sheets, valley glaciers, permafrost, and floating ice, Vivien Gornitz gives an up-to-date explanation of key current trends in the decline of ice mass. Drawing on a long-term perspective gained by examining changes in the cryosphere and corresponding variations in sea level over millions of years, she demonstrates the link between thawing ice and sea-level rise to point to the social and economic challenges on the horizon. Gornitz highlights the widespread repercussions of ice loss, which will affect countless people far removed from frozen regions, to demonstrate why the big meltdown matters to us all\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Overconfidence in climate overshoot
Global emission reduction efforts continue to be insufficient to meet the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement
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. This makes the systematic exploration of so-called overshoot pathways that temporarily exceed a targeted global warming limit before drawing temperatures back down to safer levels a priority for science and policy
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–
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. Here we show that global and regional climate change and associated risks after an overshoot are different from a world that avoids it. We find that achieving declining global temperatures can limit long-term climate risks compared with a mere stabilization of global warming, including for sea-level rise and cryosphere changes. However, the possibility that global warming could be reversed many decades into the future might be of limited relevance for adaptation planning today. Temperature reversal could be undercut by strong Earth-system feedbacks resulting in high near-term and continuous long-term warming
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,
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. To hedge and protect against high-risk outcomes, we identify the geophysical need for a preventive carbon dioxide removal capacity of several hundred gigatonnes. Yet, technical, economic and sustainability considerations may limit the realization of carbon dioxide removal deployment at such scales
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,
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. Therefore, we cannot be confident that temperature decline after overshoot is achievable within the timescales expected today. Only rapid near-term emission reductions are effective in reducing climate risks.
Aiming for declining global temperatures can limit long-term climate risks compared with a mere stabilization of global warming, including sea-level rise and cryosphere changes.
Journal Article
Root zone in the Earth system
The root zone is a vital part of the Earth system and a key element in hydrology, ecology, agronomy, and land surface processes. However, its definition varies across disciplines, creating barriers to interdisciplinary understanding. Moreover, characterizing the root zone is challenging due to a lack of consensus on definitions, estimation methods, and their merits and limitations. This opinion paper provides a holistic definition of the root zone from a hydrology perspective, including its moisture storage, deficit, and storage capacity. We demonstrate that the root zone plays a critical role in the biosphere, pedosphere, rhizosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and cryosphere of the Earth system. We underscore the limitations of the traditional reductionist approach in modelling this complex and dynamic zone and advocate for a shift towards a holistic, ecosystem-centred approach. We argue that a holistic approach offers a more systematic, simple, dynamic, scalable, and observable way to describe and predict the role of the root zone in Earth system science.
Journal Article
Variations in the Earth’s rotation rate measured with a ring laser interferometer
An exact knowledge of the instantaneous Earth’s rotation rate is indispensable for accurate navigation and geolocation. Fluctuations in the length of sidereal day are caused by momentum exchange between the fluids of the Earth (namely, the atmosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere) and the solid Earth. Since a multitude of different globally distributed and independent mass transport phenomena are involved, the resultant effect on the Earth’s rotation is not predictable and needs to be continuously measured. Here we report the observation of minute variations in the rotation rate of the Earth at the level of five parts per billion, namely, with a resolution of a few milliseconds over 120 days of continuous measurements. We employ an inertial self-contained measurement technique based on an optical ring laser interferometer rigidly strapped down to the Earth’s crust and operated in the Sagnac configuration. This large-scale gyroscope integrates over three hours for each data point, as opposed to an entire global network of Global Navigation Satellite Systems receivers and Very Long Baseline Interferometry that can only provide a single measurement per day.A self-contained ring laser interferometre measures length-of-day variations due to global mass transport phenomena with a precision of a few milliseconds over several months of measurements.
Journal Article