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"Cultural contact"
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Polyculturalism and perceived effects of globalization in Macau
Attitudes toward increased cross-cultural contact associated with globalization vary depending on whether contact is perceived as a threat that disrupts psychological functions of one's own culture. I tested the hypothesis that belief about the dynamic connectedness of cultures, that
is, polyculturalism, would be associated with the effects of increased contact through globalization being perceived more positively. Those who believe in polyculturalism assume fewer fixed cultural boundaries; thus, cross-cultural contact is not perceived as being disruptive. Data obtained
from 598 undergraduate university students in Macau supported this hypothesis. It was found that polyculturalism was associated with more positive perceptions of the effects of globalization on the economy and culture of Macau, and there was a positive trend in the perceived effect of migration
on Macau society. Although effect sizes were small, belief in polyculturalism could be further explored as a factor that predisposes individuals to take more positive attitudes about globalization.
Journal Article
Re-evaluating the timing of the Indonesian trepang industry in north-west Arnhem Land: chronological investigations at Malara (Anuru Bay A)
The Malara (Anuru Bay A) Macassan trepang-processing site was
investigated from 2008 to 2010, to test two chronological models of the
timing of cultural contact between north-west Arnhem Land and South-East
Asia. Currently, the models of contact between South-East Asian people
and Australian Indigenous people are a \"long model\" ofpre-Macassan and
Macassan contact (>200years) anda \"short model\" of only Macassan
contact (<120 years). The aims of this study were to assess when the
site was first occupied, when intensification of site use occurred and
when the site was abandoned. This assessment was undertaken by
radiocarbon dating of the major trepang-processing features, the two
burials at the site and several other occupation areas. Bayesian
analysis of the 18 radiocarbon dates gives 80% probability that
Indonesians first used the site around AD 1637. Trepang processing
intensified during the middle to late eighteenth century, consistent
with the known expansion of the Macassan trepang trade. There is a final
occupation and processing phase in the late nineteenth century. We
discuss issues regarding the \"old\" radiocarbon dates from
trepang-processing sites. We argue that our investigations support the
\"long model\" of cultural contact between Asian visitors and local
Indigenous groups.
Journal Article
Towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies: The need for positive cross-cultural scholarship
The results of a content analysis of 1141 articles published in the Journal of International Business Studies over a 24-year time period (1989-2012) reveal that a pervasive tendency exists in the international business (IB) literature towards emphasizing the adverse outcomes associated with cultural differences more than the positive effects. We argue that this imbalance is not an accurate reflection of the reality of cross-cultural contact in IB and that it has hindered our understanding of the processes and conditions that help organizations leverage the benefits of cultural differences in a wide range of contexts. We offer several explanations for the predominance of the negative over the positive in theory and research on culture in IB; and, using a Positive Organizational Scholarship lens couched in the context of March's (1991) exploration vs exploitation organizational learning framework, highlight a complementary perspective, namely the idea that cultural differences can be an asset, not just a liability in a range of IB contexts. We conclude by offering an integrative framework within which both positive and negative effects of cultural differences can be understood and provide a road map for future research on culture in IB.
Journal Article
How Does Culture Matter in the Face of Globalization?
Globalization has made exposure to multiple cultures not only possible, but often necessary and unavoidable. This article focuses on how people react and adapt to increasing globalization and multiculturalism. We posit that reactions to multiculturalism and intercultural contact are not universal and are themselves shaped by cultural experiences. That is, culture provides a frame of reference for reconciling and negotiating the inflow of foreign cultures and peoples. Although exposure to foreign cultures can widen one’s worldview, thereby enhancing creativity and reducing prejudice, intercultural contact can also bring about negative exclusionary responses such as aversion, disgust, and defensiveness. We explore how culture and individual differences, such as a belief in racial essentialism, critically shape reactions to intercultural contact. Our discussion sheds light on recent geopolitical and societal shifts that reflect an increased backlash against rising globalization and cultural diversity.
Journal Article
Revisit intention and satisfaction: The role of destination image, perceived risk, and cultural contact
This paper explores the relationship between destination image, cultural contact, perceived risk, satisfaction, and the revisit intention of international tourists to Binh Thuan province in Vietnam based on data obtained from 405 international tourists. Employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques, the study delivered two key results. The first finding is that revisit intention is directly affected by satisfaction, attractiveness, accommodation service, cultural contact, and perceived risk. Secondly, satisfaction is directly affected by attractiveness, accommodation service, cultural contact, and perceived risk. These results confirm the moderating role of both nationality and marital status on the relationships from cultural contact and attractiveness to satisfaction, but not revisit intention. However, the research has certain limitations: (i) due to the limited resources available to conduct the research, the sample size was limited to 405 international tourists in Binh Thuan province; and (ii) this study conducted sampling using direct interview methods of tourists during the peak season.
Journal Article
Attention to Eye Contact in the West and East: Autonomic Responses and Evaluative Ratings
Eye contact has a fundamental role in human social interaction. The special appearance of the human eye (i.e., white sclera contrasted with a coloured iris) implies the importance of detecting another person's face through eye contact. Empirical studies have demonstrated that faces making eye contact are detected quickly and processed preferentially (i.e., the eye contact effect). Such sensitivity to eye contact seems to be innate and universal among humans; however, several studies suggest that cultural norms affect eye contact behaviours. For example, Japanese individuals exhibit less eye contact than do individuals from Western European or North American cultures. However, how culture modulates eye contact behaviour is unclear. The present study investigated cultural differences in autonomic correlates of attentional orienting (i.e., heart rate) and looking time. Additionally, we examined evaluative ratings of eye contact with another real person, displaying an emotionally neutral expression, between participants from Western European (Finnish) and East Asian (Japanese) cultures. Our results showed that eye contact elicited stronger heart rate deceleration responses (i.e., attentional orienting), shorter looking times, and higher ratings of subjective feelings of arousal as compared to averted gaze in both cultures. Instead, cultural differences in the eye contact effect were observed in various evaluative responses regarding the stimulus faces (e.g., facial emotion, approachability etc.). The rating results suggest that individuals from an East Asian culture perceive another's face as being angrier, unapproachable, and unpleasant when making eye contact as compared to individuals from a Western European culture. The rating results also revealed that gaze direction (direct vs. averted) could influence perceptions about another person's facial affect and disposition. These results suggest that cultural differences in eye contact behaviour emerge from differential display rules and cultural norms, as opposed to culture affecting eye contact behaviour directly at the physiological level.
Journal Article
Prior cross cultural exposure and cross-cultural adaptation of Asian and non-Asian international students in China
Past research has focused primarily on the cross-cultural adaptation of expatriates upon arrival in the host country, but few studies have explored the prior cross-cultural contact and adjustment experiences of international students. This study examined the impact of prior cross-cultural exposure on the cross-cultural adaptation of Asian and non-Asian international students with varying lengths of stay in China. The analysis of questionnaire data from 430 international students (77.44% Asian, 22.56% non-Asian) in western China revealed that both groups had limited prior cross-cultural exposure. Cross-cultural adaptation increased over time in China. Interestingly, non-Asian students had better cross-cultural adaptation in the first three months than Asian students did because of better preparation, but subsequently faced more crises in adjustments that eased past the two-year point. The findings suggest the need for pre-departure cross-cultural training to consider cultural distance and the transition phase.
Journal Article
Living with difference: reflections on geographies of encounter
In this Progress in Human Geography annual lecture I reflect on geographical contributions to academic and policy debates about how we might forge civic culture out of difference. In doing so I begin by tracing a set of disparate geographical writings — about the micro-publics of everyday life, cosmopolitanism hospitality, and new urban citizenship — that have sought to understand the role of shared space in providing the opportunity for encounter between `strangers'. This literature is considered in the light of an older tradition of work about `the contact hypothesis' from psychology. Then, employing original empirical material, I critically reflect on the notion of `meaningful contact' to explore the paradoxical gap that emerges in geographies of encounter between values and practices. In the conclusion I argue for the need for geographers to pay more attention to sociospatial inequalities and the insecurities they breed, and to unpacking the complex and intersecting ways in which power operates.
Journal Article
An empirical study on intercultural contact and intercultural communication competence of Chinese international students in the UK
This study explores the relationship between intercultural contact (IC) and intercultural communication competence (ICC) among Chinese international students at Lancaster University, UK. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research analyzes the frequency and nature of IC and self-assessed ICC levels.Findings reveal a predominance of indirect IC, such as media consumption and cultural events, over direct interactions with native English speakers. Self-assessment of ICC indicates strong attitudes towards cultural diversity but identifies areas for improvement in domestic cultural knowledge and cognitive skills.Statistical analysis demonstrates a significant positive correlation between IC and ICC, with direct IC positively impacting communication skills and indirect IC contributing to cultural knowledge and positive attitudes.These findings emphasize the importance of both direct and indirect IC in developing ICC. Educational institutions should focus on facilitating diverse IC opportunities to enhance students’ language proficiency, cultural adaptation, and overall well-being.
Journal Article