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153
result(s) for
"Cyclamen."
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Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on the growth and antioxidative activity in cyclamen under heat stress
The influence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus fasciculatum, on the growth, heat stress responses and the antioxidative activity in cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum Mill.) plants was studied. Cyclamen plants (inoculated or not with the AM fungus) were placed in a commercial potting media at 17–20 °C for 12 weeks in a greenhouse and subsequently subjected to two temperature conditions in a growth chamber. Initially, plants were grown at 20 °C for 4 weeks as a no heat stress (HS−) condition, followed by 30 °C for another 4 weeks as a heat stress (HS+) condition. Different morphological and physiological growth parameters were compared between G. fasciculatum-inoculated and noninoculated plants. The mycorrhizal symbiosis markedly enhanced biomass production and HS + responses in plants compared to that in the controls. A severe rate of leaf browning (80–100 %) was observed in control plants, whereas the mycorrhizal plants showed a minimum rate of leaf browning under HS + conditions. The mycorrhizal plants showed an increase activity of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase, as well as an increase in ascorbic acid and polyphenol contents. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity also showed a greater response in mycorrhizal plants than in the control plants under each temperature condition. The results indicate that in cyclamen plants, AM fungal colonisation alleviated heat stress damage through an increased antioxidative activity and that the mycorrhizal symbiosis strongly enhanced temperature stress tolerance which promoted plant growth and increased the host biomass under heat stress.
Journal Article
Thermotolerant cyclamen with reduced acrolein and methyl vinyl ketone
Reduced levels of trienoic fatty acids (TAs) in chloroplast membranes induce thermotolerance in several plant species, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. TA peroxidation in plant cell membranes generates cytotoxic, TA-derived compounds containing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups. The relationship between low TA levels and the amounts of cytotoxic TA-derived compounds was examined using thermotolerant transgenic cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum Mill.) with low TA contents. Changes in the levels of the cytotoxic TA-derived acrolein (ACR), methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), (E)-2-hexenal, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and malondialdehyde were analysed in the leaf tissues of wild-type (WT) and thermotolerant transgenic cyclamen under heat stress. Levels of ACR and MVK in the WT increased in parallel with the occurrence of heat-induced tissue damage, whereas no such changes were observed in the thermotolerant transgenic lines. Furthermore, exogenous ACR and MVK infiltrated into leaves to concentrations similar to those observed in heat-stressed WT leaves caused similar disease symptoms. These results suggest that thermotolerance in transgenic cyclamen depends on reduced production rates of ACR and MVK under heat stress, due to the low level of TAs in these plants.
Journal Article
The first complete chloroplast genome of Cyclamen persicum and its phylogenetic position within Primulaceae
Mill., 1768, is a perennial herb of Primulaceae and is native to the Mediterranean region. In this study, we sequenced the chloroplast genome of
. Its complete chloroplast contained 151,911 nucleotides, including a large single-copy (LSC) region with a length of 83,191 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region with a length of 17,922 bp, and a pair of reverse repeat IR regions (25,399 bp). The
chloroplast genome encoded 112 unique genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The GC content of the entire genome was 37.25%, lower than that of many angiosperm plastome. The phylogenetic result indicated that
exhibited the closest relationship with
, and provided new information for the phylogeny relationship of genus
.
Journal Article
Advances in the Transformation of Cyclamen persicum Mill. Through Direct Regeneration Based on an Optimized Kanamycin Selection Scheme
Gene transfer technology has great value in ornamental plants toward the generation of varieties with new ornate characteristics. In the previous studies through the transformation of cyclamen, hygromycin was mainly used as a selective marker. However, there have been some drawbacks associated with hygromycin usage as a selecting agent. Therefore, in the current study, the optimization of kanamycin concentration in the regeneration media has been considered. Subsequently, the plant transformation using three different in vitro explants from three Cyclamen persicum cultivars using three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains has been examined. Accordingly, the optimal kanamycin concentrations for regeneration from root and leaf explants were determined as 10 mg/L and for microtuber explants as 30 mg/L. The successful gene transformation in the antibiotic-resistant shoots were examined by PCR and UV-equipped microscopes. The gfp reporter gene transfer resulted in the highest efficiency of transformation (60%) to date, from the leaf explants of cv. Pure White inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404. In contrast, the lowest gene transfer efficiency (25%) was observed in root explants of cv. Dark Violet and cv. Neon Pink inoculated with strains GV3101 and AGL-1, respectively. The results of the current project are expandable to the subsequent investigations of Cyclamen persicum transformation.
Journal Article
Enolases: storage compounds in seeds? Evidence from a proteomic comparison of zygotic and somatic embryos of Cyclamen persicum Mill
Somatic embryogenesis is well established for the economic relevant ornamental crop Cyclamen and thus could supplement the elaborate propagation via seeds. However, the use of somatic embryogenesis for commercial large scale propagation is still limited due to physiological disorders and asynchronous development within emerged embryos. To overcome these problems, profound knowledge of the physiological processes in Cyclamen embryogenesis is essential. Thus, the proteomes of somatic and zygotic embryos were characterised in a comparative approach. Protein separation via two dimensional IEF-SDS PAGE led to a resolution of more than 1,000 protein spots/gel. Overall, 246 proteins were of differential abundance in the two tissues compared. Mass spectrometry analysis of the 300 most abundant protein spots resulted in the identification of 247 proteins, which represent 90 distinct protein species. Fifty-five percent of the 247 proteins belong to only three physiological categories: glycolysis, protein folding and stress response. The latter physiological process was especially predominant in the somatic embryos. Remarkably, the glycolytic enzyme enolase was the protein most frequently detected and thus is supposed to play an important role in Cyclamen embryogenesis. Data are presented that indicate involvement of “small enolases” as storage proteins in Cyclamen. A digital reference map was established via a novel software tool for the web-based presentation of proteome data linked to KEGG and ExPasy protein-databases and both were made publicly available online.
Journal Article
Insights into chloroplast genome structure, intraspecific variation, and phylogeny of Cyclamen species (Myrsinoideae)
Species from the flowering plant genus
Cyclamen
are popular amongst consumers. In particular
Cyclamen persicum
Mill. has been significantly used commercially, and certain small flowering species such as
Cyclamen hederifolium
and
Cyclamen coum
are gradually growing in popularity in the potted flower market. Here, the chloroplast genomes of nine
Cyclamen
samples including four
Cyclamen
species and five varieties of
C. hederifolium
were sequenced for genome structure comparison, White green septal striped leaves related gene screening and DNA molecular markers were developed for phylogenetic analysis. In comparing
Cyclamen
species’ chloroplast genomes, gene content and gene order were found to be highly similar with the length of genomes ranging from 151,626 to 153,058 bp. The chloroplast genome of
Cyclamen
has 128 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 36 transfer RNA genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA genes. Based on intraspecific variation, seven hotspots, including three genes and four intergenic regions, were identified as variable markers for downstream species delimitation and interspecific relationship analyses. Moreover, a phylogenetic tree constructed with complete chloroplast genomes, revealed that
Cyclamen
are monophyletic with
Lysimachia
as the closest neighbor. Phylogenetic analyses of the 14
Cyclamen
species with the seven variable regions showed five distinct clades within this genus. The highly supported topologies showed these seven regions may be used as candidate DNA barcode sequences to distinguish
Cyclamen
species. White green septal striped leaves is common in
C. hederifolium
, however the molecular mechanism of this has not yet been described. Here, we find that the intergenic region rps4-trnT-UGU seems related to white green septal striped leaves.
Journal Article
Isolation and characterization of the fragrant cyclamen O-methyltransferase involved in flower coloration
Anthocyanin O-methyltransferase (OMT) is one of the key enzymes for anthocyanin modification and flower pigmentation. We previously bred a novel red-purple-flowered fragrant cyclamen (KMrp) from the purple-flowered fragrant cyclamen 'Kaori-no-mai' (KM) by ion-beam irradiation. Since the major anthocyanins in KMrp and KM petals were delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside and malvidin 3,5-diglucoside, respectively, inactivation of a methylation step in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway was indicated in KMrp. We isolated and compared OMT genes expressed in KM and KMrp petals. RT-PCR analysis revealed that CkmOMT2 was expressed in the petals of KM but not in KMrp. Three additional CkmOMTs with identical sequences were expressed in petals of both KM and KMrp. Genomic PCR analysis revealed that CkmOMT2 was not amplified from the KMrp genome, indicating that ion-beam irradiation caused a loss of the entire CkmOMT2 region in KMrp. In vitro enzyme assay demonstrated that CkmOMT2 catalyzes the 3′ or 3′,5′ O-methylation of the B-ring of anthocyanin substrates. These results suggest that CkmOMT2 is functional for anthocyanin methylation, and defective expression of CkmOMT2 is responsible for changes in anthocyanin composition and flower coloration in KMrp.
Journal Article
Proteomic analyses of somatic and zygotic embryos of Cyclamen persicum Mill. reveal new insights into seed and germination physiology
In the horticulturally important ornamental species Cyclamen persicum Mill., somatic embryogenesis is an efficient vegetative propagation method and the development of artificial seeds is an ultimate aim. This study aims at a systematic comparison of the proteomes of zygotic embryos, somatic embryos grown in liquid medium containing 30 or 60 g l-1 sucrose, germinating embryos of both types and endosperm in order to obtain novel insights into seed and germination physiology. Using high resolution two-dimensional isoelectric focussing/sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D IEF/SDS PAGE), 74% of the proteins expressed in zygotic embryos were found in similar abundance in somatic embryos grown in 60 g l-1 sucrose. Somatic embryos grown in 30 g l-1 sucrose accumulated fewer protein species than those grown in 60 g l-1. Selected proteins were identified following mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS). Four enzymes involved in glycolysis (UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, fructose bisphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GAPDH) were specifically induced in somatic embryos. 11S globulin proteins identified by MS were present in high levels in somatic embryos, zygotic embryos and endosperm, whereas 7S globulins were detected mainly in endosperm and zygotic embryos. These are the first storage proteins identified in C. persicum. Xyloglucans are known to be another group of seed storage compounds in C. persicum. Interestingly, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases were found to be highly expressed in endosperm tissue. We discuss the physiological implications of these observations.
Journal Article
Highly efficient microtuber formation, direct shoot regeneration, and root induction in Cyclamen persicum Mill. from in vitro seedling-derived tuber and leaf segments
The ornamental crop
Cyclamen persicum
is one of the important perennial pot plants in the world, which is commercially propagated by seeds. The present study developed a highly effective method for microtuber formation and direct shoot regeneration using
in vitro
leaves and tubers from three different cultivars: Pure White, Neon Pink, and Dark Violet. Explants were transferred to ½ Murashige and Skoog basal medium, which contains different levels of benzyladenine (BA) or thidiazuron (TDZ), for direct shoot regeneration or microtuber formation. Finally, the percentage of explants with direct regeneration and the average number of shoots or microtubers in each explant were determined. The highest number of directly regenerated shoots (27.1) was observed on leaf explants of cultivar Pure White at 0.25 mg L
−1
TDZ and 0.1 mg L
−1
α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The highest number of proliferated microtubers (17.1) was observed from the culture of tuber cuts in the media supplemented with 1.0 mg L
−1
BA and 0.1 mg L
−1
NAA in darkness in cultivars Neon Pink and Pure White. The best rooting regarding the number and the length of the roots resulted from 0.5 or 1.0 mg L
−1
NAA. Finally, the rooted shoots were transferred to the soil and 58% of them acclimated successfully to the greenhouse conditions.
Journal Article