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"Cynicism History."
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The French enlightenment and the emergence of modern cynicism
\"Sharon A. Stanley analyzes cynicism from a political-theoretical perspective, arguing that cynicism isn't unique to our time. Instead, she posits that cynicism emerged in the works of French Enlightenment philosophers, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Denis Diderot. She explains how eighteenth-century theories of epistemology, nature, sociability, and commerce converged to form a recognizably modern form of cynicism, foreshadowing postmodernism. While recent scholarship and popular commentary has depicted cynicism as threatening to healthy democracies and political practices, Stanley argues instead that the French philosophes reveal the possibility of a democratically hospitable form of cynicism\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
The French Enlightenment and the Emergence of Modern Cynicism
Sharon A. Stanley analyzes cynicism from a political-theoretical perspective, arguing that cynicism isn't unique to our time. Instead, she posits that cynicism emerged in the works of French Enlightenment philosophers, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Denis Diderot. She explains how eighteenth-century theories of epistemology, nature, sociability and commerce converged to form a recognizably modern form of cynicism, foreshadowing postmodernism. While recent scholarship and popular commentary have depicted cynicism as threatening to healthy democracies and political practices, Stanley argues instead that the French philosophes reveal the possibility of a democratically hospitable form of cynicism.
eBook
The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity
There was racism in the ancient world, after all. This
groundbreaking book refutes the common belief that the ancient
Greeks and Romans harbored \"ethnic and cultural,\" but not racial,
prejudice. It does so by comprehensively tracing the intellectual
origins of racism back to classical antiquity. Benjamin Isaac's
systematic analysis of ancient social prejudices and stereotypes
reveals that some of those represent prototypes of racism--or
proto-racism--which in turn inspired the early modern authors who
developed the more familiar racist ideas. He considers the
literature from classical Greece to late antiquity in a quest for
the various forms of the discriminatory stereotypes and social
hatred that have played such an important role in recent history
and continue to do so in modern society.
Magisterial in scope and scholarship, and engagingly written,
The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity further
suggests that an understanding of ancient attitudes toward other
peoples sheds light not only on Greco-Roman imperialism and the
ideology of enslavement (and the concomitant integration or
non-integration) of foreigners in those societies, but also on the
disintegration of the Roman Empire and on more recent imperialism
as well. The first part considers general themes in the history of
discrimination; the second provides a detailed analysis of
proto-racism and prejudices toward particular groups of foreigners
in the Greco-Roman world. The last chapter concerns Jews in the
ancient world, thus placing anti-Semitism in a broader context.
eBook
Early Antecedents of School Burnout in Upper Secondary Education: A Five-year Longitudinal Study
School burnout symptoms are prevalent among upper secondary education students, but thus far, very little is known about the background of these symptoms. The present study examined the extent to which school burnout symptoms (i.e., exhaustion and cynicism) among upper secondary education students have their roots in primary and lower secondary school and whether early antecedents of school burnout symptoms could be identified. The sample consisted of 1544 Finnish students followed up four times (Time1–Time 4) from the end of primary school (T1; mean age 12.74 and range 11.71–14.20) to the first year of upper secondary education (T4; mean age 16.66 and range 15.55–18.39). The results of latent growth curve modeling showed that school burnout symptoms in upper secondary education were predicted by the level of school burnout symptoms at the end of primary school and by an increase in these symptoms across the transition from primary school through lower secondary school. In addition, psychological well-being, academic skills, and gender were found to contribute to the prediction of school burnout symptoms. Overall, the present study suggest that potential warning signs of school burnout should not be ignored and attention should be directed to earlier education phases.
Journal Article
Burnout dimensions and associated risk factors in medical students: A cross-sectional study in Serbia
Burnout syndrome presents a serious problem for medical students in their training and professional career. The aim of this study was to investigate the dimensions of burnout syndrome and associated risk factors among medical students in Serbia.
This was a cross-sectional study. Prevalence of high risk of burnout in medical students was determined following the three-dimensional criteria, based on high levels of emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and low academic efficacy, according to the Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey. Odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Risk for high level of all three burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and academic inefficacy) was increasing with higher frequency of alcohol consumption (p for trend = 0.008, p = 0.030, p = 0.040, respectively) in medical students. Risk for high level of emotional exhaustion was associated with clinical training level of studies (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.38-2.80, p = .007) and use of sedatives (OR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.29-7.38, p = 0.011). Length of study >6 years and use of sedatives were associated with high level of cynicism in medical students (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.08-3.62, p = 0.027; OR = 3.19, 95% CI = 1.31-7.75, p = 0.010, respectively). Higher grade point average (>8) was most common in medical students with lower risk of academic inefficacy (OR = 0.65, 95%CI = 0.44-0.95, p = 0.026). Positive personal medical history (presence of any chronic disease) was frequently reported in medical students who had a high risk of academic inefficacy (OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.30-4.61, p = 0.006).
Some characteristics of medical students were associated with high risk of burnout, indicating the need for psychological support aimed at providing appropriate help and assistance to medical students.
Journal Article
By Popular Demand
John Gastil challenges conventional assumptions about public opinion, elections, and political expression in this persuasive treatise on how to revitalize the system of representative democracy in the United States.Gastil argues that American citizens have difficulty developing clear policy interests, seldom reject unrepresentative public officials, and lack a strong public voice. Our growing awareness of a flawed electoral system is causing increased public cynicism and apathy. The most popular reforms, however, will neither restore public trust nor improve representation. Term limits and campaign finance reforms will increase turnover, but they provide no mechanism for improved deliberation and accountability. Building on the success of citizen juries and deliberative polling, Gastil proposes improving our current process by convening randomly selected panels of citizens to deliberate for several days on ballot measures and candidates. Voters would learn about the judgments of these citizen panels through voting guides and possibly information printed on official ballots. The result would be a more representative government and a less cynical public. America has a long history of experimentation with electoral systems, and the proposals in By Popular Demand merit serious consideration and debate.
eBook
Militant cynicism: Rethinking Private Eye in postwar Britain, ca. 1960–80
This article seeks to rethink the nature and significance of the fortnightly magazine Private Eye during its first two decades. Existing accounts have interpreted it almost exclusively through the lens of the “satire boom” (1961–63), and suggest that, in the final analysis, the magazine neither desired nor advanced any substantial critique of the political status quo. Besides neglecting its investigative facets, among other elements, these readings make the mistake of seeking to frame the significance of the magazine in conventional ideological terms. This article puts these neglected elements back into the picture and argues that the magazine is best understood as enacting a militant form of the kind of cynicism—at once outrageous and morally outraged—analyzed by Peter Sloterdijk and Michel Foucault, and other scholars in their wake. This provides a much more satisfying account of the many facets of Private Eye as these evolved during the 1960s and 1970s, including its affinities with various currents in postwar journalism and countercultural expression. Above all, it allows us to recast the politics of Private Eye as a form of moral protest that was expressed in the assumption of an intrinsically antagonistic relation toward “politics” and authority per se.
Journal Article