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Soil contamination due to mining activities is a great concern in China. Although the effects of mining pollution resulting in changes of soil characteristics and the microbiome have been documented, studies on the responses of plant root-associated microbial assemblages remain scarce. In this work, we collected bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, and root endosphere samples of Cyperus rotundus L ( Cyp ) plants from two Pb/Zn mines, of which, one was abandoned (SL) and the other was active (GD), to investigate the bacterial community responses across different site contamination levels and Cyp plant compartments. For comparison, one unpolluted site (SD) was included. Results revealed that soils from the SL and GD sites were seriously contaminated by metal(loid)s, including Pb, Zn, As, and Sb. Bacterial richness and diversity depended on the sampling site and plant compartment. All sample types from the SL site had the lowest bacterial diversities and their bacterial communities also exhibited distinct patterns compared to GD and SD samples. As for the specific sampling site, bacterial communities from the root endosphere exhibited different patterns from those in bulk and rhizosphere soil. Compared to the GD and SD sites, the root endosphere and the rhizosphere soil from the SL site shared core microbes, including Halomonas , Pelagibacterium , and Chelativorans , suggesting that they play key roles in Cyp plant survival in such harsh environments.

Purple nutsedge is a troublesome weed in tomato grown in plasticulture systems. Field trials were conducted in the fall of 2017 and spring of 2018 at Balm, FL, to evaluate multiple herbicide programs applied pretransplanting (pre-T), post-transplanting (post-T), and pre-T followed by (fb) post-T for purple nutsedge control in plasticulture tomato. Pre-T treatment of sulfentrazone or S-metolachlor alone were ineffective and did not decrease purple nutsedge density compared with the nontreated control. Post-T application of halosulfuron did not reduce purple nutsedge density at 12 wk after initial treatment (WAIT) in fall 2017 but reduced the purple nutsedge density at 17 WAIT in both seasons. Pre-T sulfentrazone or S-metolachlor application fb halosulfuron applied post-T were the most effective treatments and consistently reduced purple nutsedge population in both seasons. Herbicide treatments did not injure or reduce tomato height or yield. Overall, these results suggest sequential herbicide programs, including pre-T application of sulfentrazone or S-metolachlor fb post-T application of halosulfuron generally resulted in greater purple nutsedge control compared with pre-T or post-T application only. Halosulfuron applied post-T is critical to provide season-long purple nutsedge control in plasticulture tomato.

Indaziflam and oxadiazon are efficacious preemergence herbicides used in warm-season turfgrass because of their persistence and residual activity. It is beneficial to quantify effective concentrations for preemergence control of summer annual weeds and determine whether these concentrations are maintained throughout weed emergence periods. Therefore, greenhouse bioassays were conducted with barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, doveweed, large crabgrass, and purple nutsedge. Treatments included indaziflam at 0, 4, 8, 12, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, and 37 g ai ha-1 or oxadiazon at 0, 420, 841, 1,260, 1,681, 2,102, 2,354, 2,942, 3,363, and 3,783 g ha-1. Although preemergence herbicides are not used to control perennial weeds, purple nutsedge was included to investigate the effect of selected herbicides on its growth. Herbicide EC50, EC80, and EC90 for seedling emergence inhibition and shoot and root mass reduction were quantified from log-logistic dose–response curves. Herbicide concentration that remains from a preemergence application during the regional species-specific periodicity of emergence was predicted using first-order kinetics equations. Indaziflam and oxadiazon controlled seedling emergence 14 d after treatment (DAT) in the evaluated annual weeds and shoot and root mass in all species 84 DAT. Indaziflam applied in mid-March at 33 g ha-1 may provide up to 90% seedling emergence inhibition in large crabgrass and signalgrass; up to 80% in barnyardgrass; and up to 50% in doveweed. Oxadiazon applied in mid-March at 3,363 g ha-1 may provide up to 80% seedling emergence inhibition in all species. Indaziflam and oxadiazon may control up to 80% shoot mass and up to 50% root mass, respectively, in purple nutsedge and 80% to 90% shoot or root mass in other species. Such information is useful in evaluating adequacy of herbicide management practices for season-long weed control, and it aids turfgrass managers in applying preemergence herbicides at optimal timing based on target weed species. Nomenclature: Indaziflam; oxadiazon; barnyardgrass; Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.; broadleaf signalgrass; Bracharia platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash; doveweed; Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan; large crabgrass; Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L.

Loam examples were gathered through the 2020-2021 rising periods, and the following measurements were made: Viable bacterial count by reducing root colonization. The outcomes of reviewing the impact of the fungicide Benomyl on development and viable microflora count revealed that the highest microbial count was in Al-Madaein 80 ×103 CFU/mL was recorded ., and the lowest count was 60 ×103 CFU/mL for the Aushtar area, The microbial viable count values for the affected microorganisms with Benomyl were decrease to 27×103 and 65 × 103 CFU/mL respectively. Those consequences specify that Benomyl has a robust choosiness contrary to microflora, especially when compared to the benomyl effect as folded dose, the microflora l count decreases to 25 ×103 CFU /mL in the Aushtar area and increases to 60 ×103 CFU/mL in Al-Madaein area. Whereas the study estimated the level of eight elements in soil (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, NO3, P, K, and NH4) cultured with Cyperus rotundus L. Which mentioned the effect of benomyl on these levels after three days of treatment. Mn concentration ranged between 5.96 to 9.11 ppm, while after fungicide benomyl, it decreased to 5.63 -6.53 ppm similar results were observed for other elements. The highest affected element was Mn in the Aushtar area. Those consequences designate that Benomyl has a stout fussiness in contrast to soil nutrients. The greatness of benomyl impacts on loam ingredients and procedures were minor, qualified to impact on mycorrhizal root foundation (reduction through benomyl).

The degree of contamination by heavy metals (arsenic, copper, lead, tin and zinc) in soil and transfer to plants has been studied. Specimens of plant species from five locations in an area of 10 x 10 m were sampled with their corresponding soils. Thirty six plant species including two shallow water aquatic plants were identified. Soil and plant specimens were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. It was found that metal concentration in soil was highly variable while concentration of metals in plants directly depends on the concentration of metals it was rooted. Roots showed highest metal concentration followed by leaves, shoots and flowers. Bioconcentraion factor and translocation factor were calculated, representing Cyperus rotundus L. as a potential tin-hyperaccumulator plant, previously not reported in literature. Plant Species Imperata cylindrica , Lycopodium cernuum , Melastoma malabathricum , Mimosa pudica Linn , Nelumbo nucifera , Phragmites australis L., Pteris vittata L. and Salvinia molesta , were metal accumulator while Acacia podalyriaefolia G. Don, Bulb Vanisium , Dillenia reticulate King , Eugenia reinwardtiana , Evodia roxburghiania Hk. f. clarke, Gleichenia linearis , Grewia erythrocarpa Ridl., Manihot esculenta Crantz, Paspalum conjugatum Berguis , Passiflora suberosa , Saccharum officinarum , Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. and Vitis trifolia Linn. were tolerated plant species. All other studied plants were excluders. Identified plant species could be useful for revegetation and erosion control in metals contaminated ex-mining sites. Morphological changes such as reduction in size, change in color and deshaping have also been observed in plant species with high metal values.

Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Sch. Bip. (BPr) had been found capable of excluding Cyperus rotundus L. (CR) from its vegetation in fallow fields. Both allelopathy and competition of BPr were able to limit the growth of CR, but this has not been extensively investigated. To verify the two effects of BPr on CR management, density-dependent experiments and interspecies competitions with the application of activated carbon were conducted. The effects of BPr soil and its residues on the reproduction of CR were also evaluated. The results showed that the residues of BPr reduced the growth (54–61% of control) and tuber number (58–71% of control) of CR in the 3 plants pot−1 treatment but not in higher density treatments. In the interspecies competition, BPr exhibited an allelopathic but not competitive effect on CR when activated carbon was absent. CR tuber sprouting was significantly suppressed when sowed in the BPr soil. Likewise, BPr residue mulch inhibited the CR plant density by 87% as compared to natural-occurring CR residue mulch in the field. This study revealed that BPr might have potential for use as a cover plant and allelopathic mulch to control CR in the agroecosystem.

Sulfuryl fluoride (SF) is currently used as a fumigant for control of drywood termites and insects in building structures, vehicles, wood products, postharvest commodities, and food processing facilities. This research investigated the feasibility of using SF as a preplant soil fumigant for purple nutsedge control in plastic-mulched tomato production. SF treatments included SF injected through drip tapes or SF injected through drip tapes a few hours following shank injection of chloropicrin (Pic). Results revealed that SF alone at 224, 336, or 448 kg ha–1 was generally less effective compared with when it was applied in conjunction with Pic at 168 kg ha–1. SF alone provided inconsistent control of purple nutsedge. In contrast, SF + Pic was as efficacious or more efficacious on purple nutsedge than the industry standards, including 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) plus Pic and metam potassium. None of the fumigant treatments visually injured tomato plants, stunted growth, or adversely affected tomato yield. In one of the four tomato seasons, tomato plants growing in plots fumigated with SF + Pic resulted in taller tomato plants and higher markable yields. Results indicate that soil fumigation with SF + Pic is safe on plastic-mulched tomato and effectively controls purple nutsedge. Nomenclature: 1,3-dichloropropene; chloropicrin; sulfuryl fluoride; metam potassium; purple nutsedge; Cyperus rotundus L.; tomato; Solanum lycopersicum L.

The main objective of this current study was to assess the protective role of Cyperus rotundus L. (CR) extract against oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and inflammation induced by esfenvalerate in rats. The total phenol (TP) and total tannins (TT) were estimated by Folin ciocalteu and total flavonoids were evaluated by aluminum chloride methods. The methanol: acetone: H 2 O with ratio 2:2:1 extract of C. rotundus tubers was determined antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS •+ scavenging activities, and ferrous chelating, reducing power activities assays. Antioxidant activities of C. rotundus tuber extract exhibited 224.25, 191.47, and 218.77 μg/ml against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•) radicals and Fe 2+ -chelating, respectively expressed as IC 50 while reducing power showed 119.88 μg/ml expressed as EC 50 . C. rotundus tuber extract’ analysis showed a presence of several phenolic and flavonoid compounds identified by HPLC. Albino Wistar rats were divided into normal control, C. rotundus alone treated esfenvalerate, and treated ( Esfenvalerate  + CR) groups. The dose of C. rotundus extract was100 mg /kg BW, while the dose of esfenvalerate was 0.533 mg/kg BW orally. Administration of esfenvalerate decreased the levels of brain reduced glutathione (GSH), and paraoxnase-1(PON-1), and decreased acetylcholinesterase activity along with increasing the levels of brain malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), furthermore, increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, and lipocalin-2. On the other hand, treatment with C. rotundus extract significantly showed a protective effect against esfenvalerate by ameliorating levels of antioxidant enzymes, acetylcholine esterase, and inflammatory markers. The present study elicited a prophylactic effect of C. rotundus against neural damage induced by esfenvalerate in experimental rats.

Millet is grass with high forage potential in semi-arid regions, both for its versatility of use and nutritional quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of a biostimulant and the plant extract (Cyperus rotundus) on the growth forage, and grain production in millet (cultivar IPA BULK 1BF) submitted to salt stress conditions. The research was carried out at the Serra Talhada Academic Unit, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, in the Semiarid region of the Northeast of Brazil, from February to April 2017. The experiment was installed in randomized blocks, in a 3x4 factorial scheme, composed of a biostimulant (ACADIAN®), nutsedge extract, and the control, in four salinity levels of the irrigation water, electrical conductivities of 0, 1, 2 and 4 dS m-1, with four repetitions. Biometric analysis of all plants was carried out weekly to monitor crop growth. At 77 days after emergence, measures of net CO2 assimilation and transpiration rates were obtained. The harvest occurred with the maturation of the grains (ED9), being analyzed the dry mass of the different morphological components of the plant. The biostimulant at the level of 2 dS m-1 promoted an increase of 66% in the leaf area of millet compared to the control. With 4 dS m-1, the nutsedge extract provided an increase of 253% in the leaf area compared to the control. These expressive results obtained with the use of these compounds reflected in a production of dry leaf blade mass. The IPA BULK 1 BF millet cultivar has tolerance to the salinity levels studied in this research. The nutsedge extract and the biostimulant are alternatives capable of stimulating the growth and the production of forage of millet under the presence of salts in the irrigation water, however, these compounds have no influence on grain production

Metam potassium (metam-K) is a soil fumigant used commonly in Florida at the end of the tomato and pepper production season. The fumigant essentially cleans a field by killing the established weeds and crops after harvest. The goal of this project was to determine the optimal rate of metam-K for the effective termination of tomato, pepper, and established weeds such as purple nutsedge, goosegrass, and dogfennel. Tomato, pepper, and purple nutsedge at bed center were effectively terminated with the metam-K rate of 65 kg ha–1. Optimal rates required for the termination of goosegrass and dogfennel were 91 and 156 kg ha–1, respectively. In contrast, metam-K at 500 to 680 kg ha–1 was required to terminate purple nutsedge on bed edges. The reduced efficacy of metam-K at bed edge might be related to the limited movement of metam-K in soil. Nomenclature: Metam potassium; dogfennel; Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small; goosegrass; Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn; pepper; Capsicum annuum L.; purple nutsedge; Cyperus rotundus L.; tomato; Solanum lycopersicum L.